Kau))) @kau@qoto.org

Starlings with attitude. 16"x10" acrylic on canvas.
I had a bit of trouble with the rocks. I think I'll bulk them up a bit.
#nzart #art #mastoart #AYearForArt #ArtMatters nzartist #birds #starlings #acrylicpainting

Let's pour one out for third-party Twitter clients:

Apps that shaped UI conventions, pioneered a market, and in many ways reinvented how we communicate online – unceremoniously killed off by a clown who thinks he's the smartest guy around because he has money.

These apps didn't deserve to end up like this.

https://www.macstories.net/stories/twitter-intentionally-ends-third-party-app-developer-access-to-its-apis/

I wanted to share this truly wonderful photo of the old public library of Cincinnati, there’s many more in this article: https://www.cincinnatimagazine.com/citywiseblog/remembering-queen-citys-temple-books/. It has a sort of steampunk vibe to it, don’t you think? (I did a reverse image search on Google because I kept seeing this image pop up, and I wanted to learn more about where this place was!) #Libraries @libraries #History #Cincinnati

People are welcome to download the raw temperature records and calculate global temperatures themselves.

You can find raw ocean records (via ICOADS/HadSST) here: https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadsst4/data/netcdf/HadSST.4.0.1.0_unadjusted.nc

And land temperature records here (QCU for non-homogenized data): https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/ghcn/v4/

New paper alert! We measured the valve closure activity of giant clams at Biosphere 2 using valvometric sensors built with open source tools. We found the clams bask wide open to maximize photosynthesis during the day, and prioritize filter feeding and predator evasion at night! I'll have more to report on these cyborg clams in an upcoming blog; stay tuned!
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0278752

California's Atmospheric River Blitz is a Mild Reminder of an Inevitable Climatic Calamity https://open.substack.com/pub/revkin/p/californias-atmospheric-river-blitz?r=26mx0&utm_campaign=post&utm_medium=web

The Wilson Cycle: Intro

“If the continents have moved, then they have drifted like rafts and formed the ocean floors in their wake. It is to this wake that we should look first.”
~ John Tuzo Wilson

Canadian geophysicist and geologist, John Tuzo Wilson, posed the question (and the title of his article in 1966) ‘Did the Atlantic close and then re-open?’ Spoiler alert - yes. That, and his many contributions to plate tectonics, including the concept of hotspots and transform faults, led to the Wilson Cycle (also known as the Supercontinent Cycle) being named after him.

The Wilson Cycle (WC) refers to the process of continent break-up and ocean-opening followed by subduction, collision, and ocean-closing (see the diagram below). This can take tens to hundreds of millons of years (very deep time) to complete.

This quick video provides animation of the WC: https://youtu.be/I_q3sAcuzIY

Step 1 of the WC starts with a tectonically stable continent/craton, eroded down and perhaps scarred by earlier collisions. Rifting (or faulting), crustal thinning, and thermal uplift caused by tectonic stretching of the continent allows the upper mantle (plume) to rise up and fill in. This can lead to earthquakes and volcanic flows. Sometime the plume can die out leading to a failed rift, but when rifting continues, things get quite interesting.

Step 2 The fractures are deep and oriented perpendicular to the extensional direction. As the continent breaks apart, the plume develops convection cells that further the rifting and deepen the basin allowing water in. The mantle material exposed by the rifting is made of much denser (or mafic) material than continental crust (or felsic) and sinks, cools and hardens/crystallizes forming oceanic crust. A new ocean basin is created.

Step 3 The two new continents continue to drift apart; the rift becomes a young spreading ridge, and the new ocean crust sinks further into the mantle as it cools and becomes denser. Sediment is now collecting on the new ocean floors.

Step 4 The Mid Ocean Ridge (MOR) continues to create new ocean crust and the new ocean deepens as the oceanic crust matures and continues to sink into the mantle. The maturer oceanic crust is much heavier than the bordering continental crust, and cracks can develop causing the oceanic crust to flex downwards forming a young subduction zone. Part of the oceanic crust is dragged deep into trench and the water-laden oceanic crust melts due to the higher temperatures of the mantle. Volcanic Island arcs are created. The rifted continental crust is now well below the surface of the ocean.

Step 5 Divergence ceases, and convergence begins. The MOR is eventually subducted, or consumed at the ocean basin margin. Associated volcanism and subduction continues, along with collision, narrowing the ocean and mountains beginning to form. This is now part of the ocean-closing cycle.

Step 6 As the continents/cratons continue to collide, folding, faulting, and earthquakes occur creating new mountains (think of the Himalayas), while catching up bits of volcanic rock, oceanic crust and sedimentary rock. A new continent is formed.

Step 7 The continent matures and erodes. Rinse and repeat with continents colliding, forming supercontinents, and dispersing again in a much longer and even deeper time.

The Wilson Cycle is somewhat simplified and doesn’t go into all the sorts tectonic variations of rift zones and diversity of plate tectonics, but it was a landmark starting point and is a sign of Wilson’s genius. Later geologists and geophysicists stand on the shoulders of this giant. We’ll dive further into the Wilson Cycle in future posts, and have a look at the rock types created and how geologists piece together the Wilson Cycle in real rocks. It’ll be fun she said :)

#WilsonCycle #JohnTuzoWilson #OceanicCrustFormation #Mantle #Plume #MidOceanRidge #SubductionZone #MountainForming #geology #ScienceMastodon @geology

Climate change is due to our cumulative emissions, not just our emissions today.

While rich countries have started decreasing emissions in recent decades, rich country emissions are still responsible for a substantial majority of the 1.2C warming to-date https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-which-countries-are-historically-responsible-for-climate-change/

I set a goal at the start of 2022 to watch 100 movies this year. I've been documenting my progress and reviewing each one in a Twitter thread. Given that…situation…I figured I should migrate that thread over here as well just in case.

This is Jan 1st through Feb 5th, and was largely me catching up on older movies I just never got around to. I think Monster is the one that hit me the hardest in this bunch.

In a current policy world we are likely headed for < 1 meter of sea level rise this century, and around 2 meters by 2300.

But seas don't stop rising after we stabilize temps; in a 3C world we'd have 5 to 10 meters over the next 2,000 years, and 10- to 25 meters over next 10,000.

New paper in Paleo2:

A Pliocene precipitation isotope proxy-model comparison assessing the hydrological fingerprints of sea surface temperature gradients

Led by Scott Knapp and Natalie Burls, proxy data compiled by Sarah Feakins

One key takeaway for me is we need more isotopic records of Pliocene hydroclimate, from across the world!

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021PA004401

To celebrate my calculator app PCalc turning 30 today, I've written up all the history I can still remember:

http://pcalc.com/thirty

There's also a rare 30%-off sale, which runs until midnight tonight, PST:

Mac:
https://pcalc.com/store/pcalcmac

iOS:
https://pcalc.com/store/pcalc

A big thanks to everybody who has used PCalc during the last three decades!