#convection

Why Icy Giants Have Strange Magnetic Fields

When Voyager 2 visited Uranus and Neptune, scientists were puzzled by the icy giants’ disorderly magnetic fields. Contrary to expectations, neither planet had a well-defined north and south magnetic pole, indicating that the planets’ thick, icy interiors must not convect the way Earth’s mantle does. Years later, other researchers suggested that the icy giants’ magnetic fields could come from a single thin, convecting layer in the planet, but how that would look remained unclear. Now a scientist thinks he has an answer.

When simulating a mixture of water, methane, and ammonia under icy giant temperature and pressure conditions, he saw the chemicals split themselves into two layers — a water-hydrogen mix capable of convection and a hydrocarbon-rich, stagnant lower layer. Such phase separation, he argues, matches both the icy giants’ gravitational fields and their odd magnetic fields. To test whether the model holds up, we’ll need another spacecraft — one equipped with a Doppler imager — to visit Uranus and/or Neptune to measure the predicted layers firsthand. (Image credit: NASA; research credit: B. Militzer; via Physics World)

#convection #fluidDynamics #Neptune #numericalSimulation #phaseSeparation #physics #planetaryScience #science #Uranus

How Cooling Towers Work

Power plants (and other industrial settings) often need to cool water to control plant temperatures. This usually requires cooling towers like the iconic curved towers seen at nuclear power plants. Towers like these use little to no moving parts — instead relying cleverly on heat transfer, buoyancy, and thermodynamics — to move and cool massive amounts of water. Grady breaks them down in terms of operation, structural engineering, and fluid/thermal dynamics in this Practical Engineering video. Grady’s videos are always great, but I especially love how this one tackles a highly visible piece of infrastructure from multiple engineering perspectives. (Video and image credit: Practical Engineering)

#buoyancy #civilEngineering #convection #engineering #evaporation #fluidDynamics #heatTransfer #infrastructure #physics #science #thermodynamics

Convection–diffusion equation
The convection-diffusion equation is a more general version of the scalar transport equation. It is a combination of the diffusion and convection (advection) equations. It describes physical phenomena where particles, energy, or other physical quantities are transferred inside a physical system due to two processes: diffusion and convection.
\[\dfrac{\partial c}{\partial t} = \mathbf{\nabla} \cdot (D \mathbf{\nabla} c) - \mathbf{\nabla} (\mathbf{v} c) + R\]
\(\mathbf{\nabla} \cdot (D \mathbf{\nabla} c)\) is the contribution of diffusion.
\(- \mathbf{\nabla} (\mathbf{v} c)\) is the contribution of convection or advection.
\(R\) describes the creation or destruction of the quantity.

where
\(c\) is the variable of interest.
\(D\) is the diffusivity.
\(\mathbf{v}\) is the velocity field, and
\(R\) is the sources or sinks of the quantity \(c\).

#Convection #Diffusion #Transport #Advection #Equation #ConvectionDiffusionEquation #DifferentialEquations #AdvectionEquation #DiffusionEquation #TransportEquation #ConvectionEquation

@tao
Let's say the umbral diameter is about 150km, then that's quite a large column of air being suddenly plunged into the cold of 'night'. The idea that a very tall 'convection tube' of falling air would form and draw in towards its centre the vapour trail from any passing plane I find not at all unbelievable.
#eclipse #weather #convection

Hack Makes Microwave Cookies Fast and Not Terrible - Making a chocolate chip cookie is easy. Making a good chocolate chip cookie is a l... - https://hackaday.com/2024/03/11/hack-makes-microwave-cookies-fast-and-not-terrible/ #cookinghacks #convection #magnetron #microwave #vending #baking #cookie

Impressive #convection on the back of a powerful #supercell near Allier, #France by Emric Imbertie More #storm photos from Emric: https://bit.ly/emricimbertie

#europe #lightnings #clouds #lightningstrikes #photooftheday #photographylovers #thunderstorms #onfire_skies #fever_skies #igworldclub_sky #nightphotography #bolt #stormclouds #cloudzdelight #ig_stormclouds #lightningmafia #raw_nightshots #earthpix #weatherphotography #chasingstorms #storm_scape #total_skies #your_skies #ig_stormclouds

The Nature of Mantle Flow May Depend on the Type of Slab Subducting
https://eos.org/research-spotlights/the-nature-of-mantle-flow-may-depend-on-the-type-of-slab-subducting #MantleFlow #Tectonics #subduction #slab #convection #dislocationcreep

𝗝𝗼𝘂𝗿𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗼𝗳 𝗔𝘁𝗺𝗼𝘀𝗽𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗰 𝗦𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 | 𝗩𝗼𝗹𝘂𝗺𝗲 𝟬𝟳 | 𝗜𝘀𝘀𝘂𝗲 𝟬𝟭 | 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟰

Control of the Dust Vertical Distribution over Western Africa by Convection and Scavenging The authors investigate here the role of deep convective transport and scavenging on the vertical distribution of mineral dust over Western Africa. #Dust #Vertical_distribution #Sahara #Sahel #West_Africa #Climate_model #Convection #Scavenging #ITCZ DOI: Email: jasr@bilpublishing.com …

https://myfavorite621.wordpress.com/2024/01/24/%f0%9d%97%9d%f0%9d%97%bc%f0%9d%98%82%f0%9d%97%bf%f0%9d%97%bb%f0%9d%97%ae%f0%9d%97%b9-%f0%9d%97%bc%f0%9d%97%b3-%f0%9d%97%94%f0%9d%98%81%f0%9d%97%ba%f0%9d%97%bc%f0%9d%98%80%f0%9d%97%bd%f0%9d%97%b5/

What goes up...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus_congestus_cloud

...must come down.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammatus_cloud

Seen over southern New Mexico this afternoon.

#NMwx
#NewMexico
#Cumulus
#Weather
#Convection
#Photography

Stormy Weather
#Clouds #Chesapeake #Thunderhead
#Convection #Sunset

This fluid, seemingly at rest initially, turns out to be convecting as revealed by a #timelapse movie. #Evaporation cools the fluid at the surface, which makes it a bit heavier than the fluid below, thus #convection ensues, very slowly!

This fluid is #rheoscopic, easy to make at home using shaving cream.

Here's the recipe:
https://pubs.aip.org/aip/pof/article/30/8/087103/938850/Rheoscopic-fluids-in-a-post-Kalliroscope-world

#Physics #Science #fluiddynamics #FluidMechanics

New paper in #RAS Techniques and Instruments, rzad043,
https://doi.org/10.1093/rasti/rzad043
"A set of codes for numerical #convection and #geodynamo calculations"
Steven J Gibbons, Ashley P Willis, Chris Davies, David Gubbins.
Published:
01 September 2023
In advanced access (pdf only) format from September 1, 2023.
All code, documentation, and auxiliary files freely available from https://github.com/stevenjgibbons/LEOPACK-2022-revision

Codes are provided and documented in the hope that they will be useful :-)

#convection #conductor #conductors #current #currents #past #present #future #ancient #old #atomic #nuclear #power #rise #rises #thermal #transfer #transferred #slow #slowly #fast #quick #speed #convection #layer #layers #sunspot #sunspots #science #nature #sciences #natural #universe #astronomy #heavenly #heaven #heavenlybody #sunlight #process

This is one of the best examples I’ve ever seen of an undular #bore causing new #convection ! #radar #storms #OKWX

A very unstable atmosphere. Warm humid near the surface rises quickly, almost explosively. It cools as it rises and eventually precipitates as rain. Sometimes this rain doesn't even reach the ground!

#Rain #Mountains #Convection #Atmosphere #Physics

#MPI-Scientists in Paris at CFMIP-GASS:
A joint conference between Cloud Feedback Intercomparison Project (CFMIP) and Global Atmospheric System Studies (GASS) is taking place this week. Thankfully hosted by the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD) at the Sorbonne University. The focus is on #Clouds, #Convection, #Circulation, and #ClimateSensitivity. Even though one week is much too short, the participants are motivated and very engaged in the talks, posters and breakout sessions.

How The Indian Ocean Geoid Low Was Formed
--
https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL102694 <-- shared paper
--
#GIS #spatial #mapping #remotesensing #gravity #geoid #geodesy #IndianOcean #formation #IOGL #model #modeling #geophysics #structuralgeology #crustal #mantle #convection #Tethyan #sea #ocean #subsidence #anomaly #spatialanalysis #spatiotemporal #tomography #density #rock #geology #tectonics #platetectonics

Morning mountain convection along the convergence line.

A brilliant white cumulus clouds builds fast over the conifers of the Sacramento mountains of southern New Mexico. The sky is a hard/dark blue. The bottom of the cloud is flat, and dark gray.

In several hours we'll see storms developing.

#NMwx
#NewMexico
#Cumulus
#Convection
#Convergence

A view looking north at the summit of Sierra Blanca 30 miles away.

The summit of bare rock looks unimpressive compared to the line of convergence zone clouds to the right (east of the peak).

This convergence zone is wetter air trying to push west, while drier air from the west is pushing east. It's a tug of war that is currently stalled/static, but the warmth of the sun is adding convective activity and giving the clouds a complex texture.

The convergence zone clouds, 30 miles away look fairly white, but in the background are clouds much farther away, and they have a pink tint.

Foreground conifers on the rolling terrain are a dark green.

#NMwx
#NewMexico
#Photography
#Clouds
#Convection
#Convergence

In their new publication, former #MPIM_Scientist L. Paccini (@laurapaccini) and co-author B. Stevens investigate whether an explicit representation of #convection leads to an improved representation of #precipitation in the #Amazon basin and whether the improvement is related to the representation of organized systems. Read the paper here: https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD037436