jansegers @jansegers@qoto.org
Webosoof
Joined Oct 2019
English Vocabulary
Many people do not know what a heritage language learner is. Let's say a person from Mexico moves to the US at the age of 5. The person knows basic Spanish and is fluent for a 5 year old but eventually English will become dominant. This person whose first language is Spanish actually does not know many Spanish words and must study Spanish to retain it. Because they grew up for 5 years speaking Spanish, they are a different type of language learners. This type of person is considered a heritage language learner.
GOOD NEWS - If your goal is to speak English fluently, you are not required to study 10,000 words. 2,000 is enough to get you started.How many words do you need to know in English? This is a very common question and it varies depending on your goal. Because TalkEnglish.com focuses on speaking, the vocabulary presented in this section will be the most commonly used words in speaking.There are roughly 100,000 word-families in the English language.
A native English speaking person knows between 10,000 (uneducated) to 20,000 (educated) word families.
Professor Paul Nation found that a person needs to know 8,000-9,000 word families to enjoy reading a book.
Studying heritage language learners reveal that a person with a vocabulary size of 2,500 passive word-families and 2,000 active word-families can speak a language fluently.
https://www.talkenglish.com/vocabulary/english-vocabulary.aspx
#English #WordFamilies #level100000 #kulupu_nimi #Inli
AWL highlighter & gapfill
https://www.eapfoundation.com/vocab/academic/highlighter/
#ilo_toki µtool #AWL #Inli_inteli
Is there any list of Toki Pona "phrasal verbs" ... a while ago, I posted a little text using "kama monsi" for "to come back, to return" but John Clifford was reading that same combination as "to come after, to follow" so he was quite confused by what I posted ... knowing him, his interpretation was based on examples in his TP corpus ...
I don't know if Sonja Lang used anything like these complexe verb + adverb/preposition combinations in the official Toki Pona book ...
I know try to avoid them but I would love to find a list of the most used ones to be able to read TP posts more easily ...
Core Vocabulary: The English Words You Need to Know
October 29, 2012 by Melanie
http://www.englishteachermelanie.com/study-tip-the-english-words-you-need-to-know/
VOCABULARY WORKBOOK IELTS
Every Man's English
I.A. Richards
2006.11.13 Monday
Every Man's English
By: Ryotasan
I. A. Richards and Christine Gibson,
while working on Basic English at
Harvard University,
became conscious that
it was not enough for
learners of English language
living in the United States.
He, or she, comes across a
word which is outside of the
850 words listed by Ogden,
every minute.
So Richards made another system,
a step up from Basic.
That is Every Man's English.
Every Man's English
makes use of
looser language rules and
additions to the 850 words.
The list goes like this:
Verbs (names of acts used for operations):
ask, borrow, bring, buy, carry, die, eat, find, forget, grow, hit, hold, lend, lie, like, lose, remember, sell, sit, show, stand, stay, tell, thank, use, want, wear, and can, must and should.
Other words for operations:
behind, above, below, toward, always, both, either, neither, few, just, many, next, often, soon, too, yet.
Words for qualitis:
cool, easy, fresh, heavy, hot, hungry, large, pretty, thirsty.
Names of general things:
age, bottom, ceiling, child, city, corner, ground, home, husband, life, people, piece, shore, tear, wife, world.
Names of things which may be pictured:
chair, cheek, desk, elbow, eyebrow, eyelash, shoulder, and so on.
In addition to them,
the writer may make use of the
"verb" forms of Basic words like
"discuss[ion], knowledge, and thought."
So you may say, in Every Man's English:
"Let's discuss," "I know," and "I think."
Richards said, however,
that the addition might NOT be used freely.
Those words would be used
ONLY when it was necessary.
If you make less use of complex words,
More readers will have a chance to
go through your writings.
For more details,
see their book
Techniques in Language Control, 1974.
http://ryotasan.jugem.jp/?eid=1582006.11.13 Monday
#EveryMansEnglish #Richards #IARichards #ChristineGibson #BASICEnglish #Inli_pasila
Broken English :
"Hendrick Casimir's take on it in Haphazard Reality: Half a Century of Science contends that broken English is a universal language. "There exists today a universal language that is spoken and understood almost everywhere: it is Broken English. I am not referring to Pidgin-English—a highly formalized and restricted branch of B.E.—but to the much more general language that is used by the waiters in Hawaii, prostitutes in Paris and ambassadors in Washington, by businessmen from Buenos Aires, by scientists at international meetings and by dirty-postcard pictures peddlers in Greece," (Casimir 1984)."
BASIC GLOBISH
http://www.earthhealing.info/SIGLOBSH07_2.htm
1720 words
a
able
about
above
absence
absurd
absurdity
accept
access
accident
account
accuse
across
act
active
activist
activity
actor
add
address
administration
admit
adult
advance
advertise
advise
affect
affectation
afraid
after
again
against
age
agency
agent
aggression
ago
agree
airplane
airport
alarm
album
alive
all
almost
alone
along
already
also
although
always
ammunition
among
amount
anarchy
ancestor
ancient
and
anger
angle
angry
animal
anniversary
announce
apple
appoint
approach
appropriate
appropriation
approve
area
argue
arm
army
around
arrest
arrival
arrive
art
artillery
as
ash
ask
assist
astronomy
at
atmosphere
atom
attach
attack
attempt
attend
attention
attract
attraction
authority
automatic
automobile
autumn
average
aviation
avoid
awake
award
aware
awareness
away
baby
back
bad
bag
balance
ball
balloon
ballot
ban
bank
bar
barrier
base
basket
battle
be
bear
beat
beautiful
because
become
bed
before
begin
behind
believe
betray
better
between
big
bill
billion
biology
bird
birth
bite
bitter
black
blade
blame
blanket
bleed
bless
blind
block
blood
blow
blue
board
boast
boasting
boat
body
bold
bomb
bond
bone
book
border
born
borrow
both
bottle
bottom
bow
box
boy
boycott
brain
brake
branch
brass
brave
bread
breadth
break
breathe
breed
brick
bridge
brief
bright
bring
broad
broadcast
brother
brown
brush
bubble
budget
build
building
bullet
burn
burst
bury
bus
business
busy
but
butter
button
buy
by
cabinet
calendar
call
calm
camera
camp
campaign
can
cancel
cancer
candidate
capital
capture
car
card
care
careful
carriage
carry
case
cash
cast
cat
catch
cause
celebrate
cell
center
century
ceremony
certain
chain
chair
challenge
champion
chance
change
charge
chase
check
cheer
cheese
chemical
chemistry
chest
chief
child
choose
church
circle
citizen
city
civilian
claim
clash
clean
clear
climate
climb
clock
close
cloth
cloud
coal
coast
coat
coffee
cold
collar
collect
college
colony
color
combine
come
comfort
coming
command
comment
committee
common
communicate
compete
complete
complex
compromise
compute
concern
condemn
condition
conduct
conference
confess
confession
confirm
conformity
congratulate
congress
connect
conservation
conservative
conserve
consider
consume
consumption
contain
content
continent
continue
contract
contraction
control
convention
cook
cool
cooperate
copy
cork
corn
correct
cost
cotton
count
counter
country
court
cover
cow
crack
craft
crash
create
creature
credit
crew
crime
criminal
crisis
critic
cross
crush
cry
culture
cup
cure
current
curse
curtain
curve
custom
cut
damage
dance
danger
dare
dark
date
daughter
day
dead
deaf
deafness
deal
dear
debate
debt
decide
declare
decrease
deed
deep
defeat
defend
deficit
define
degree
delay
delicate
deliver
demand
democracy
demon
demonstrate
denial
denounce
deny
departure
depend
deploy
depress
descent
describe
desert
design
designate
designation
desire
destroy
detail
deterioration
develop
device
devote
dictator
die
diet
different
dig
dim
dinner
diplomat
direct
direction
dirt
disappear
disarm
discipline
disclosure
discord
discover
discuss
disease
disk
dismiss
dispersion
dispose
dispute
disreputable
dissertation
dissident
distance
divide
do
doctor
document
dog
dollar
door
double
doubt
down
drain
draw
dream
dress
drink
drive
drop
drug
dry
due
dull
during
dust
duty
each
ear
early
earn
earth
ease
east
easy
eat
ecology
economy
edge
education
effect
effort
egg
eight
eighty
either
elastic
elect
election
electric
electricity
electronic
electronics
elegance
element
eleven
else
embassy
emergency
emission
emit
emotion
employ
empty
end
enemy
energy
enforce
engine
engineer
enjoy
enough
enter
environment
envy
equal
equipment
escape
especially
essenc
establish
estimate
ethnic
evaporate
even
event
ever
every
evidence
evil
evolution
evolve
exaggeration
examine
example
excellent
except
exchange
excuse
execute
exercise
exile
exist
expansion
expect
expectation
expedience
experience
experiment
expert
explain
explode
explore
export
express
extend
exterior
extra
extreme
eye
face
fact
factory
fades
fail
fair
faith
fall
FALSE
family
famous
fancy
far
fast
fat
father
fault
fear
feather
feed
feel
fellow
female
fence
fertile
few
fiber
field
fierce
fifteen
fifth
fifty
fight
file
fill
film
final
finance
find
fine
finger
finish
fire
firm
first
fish
fist
fit
five
fix
flag
flash
flat
float
flood
floor
flow
flower
fluid
fly
fog
fold
follow
food
fool
foolish
foot
for
forbid
force
fore-arm
foreign
forest
forget
forgive
form
former
forty
forward
four
frame
free
freedom
freeze
fresh
friend
frighten
from
front
frost
fruit
fuel
fulfill
full
fun
furnish
furniture
furrow
future
gain
game
garden
gas
gate
gather
gear
general
get
gift
girl
give
glass
globe
go
goal
god
gold
good
govern
government
grace
grainy
grammar
grant
grass
grave
gravity
gray
great
green
ground
group
grow
guarantee
guard
guide
guilt
gun
hair
half
halt
hand
hang
happen
happy
hard
harm
harmony
hat
hate
have
he
head
headed
headquarters
heal
health
healthy
hear
heart
heat
heaven
heavy
helicopter
hell
help
her
herb
here
hers
hide
high
hijack
hill
him
his
history
hit
hold
hole
holiday
hollow
holy
home
honest
honor
hook
hope
horrible
horse
hospital
hostage
hostile
hot
hotel
hour
house
how
however
hug
huge
human
humor
hundred
hunger
hunt
hurry
hurt
husband
i
ice
idea
identify
if
ill
illegal
illegality
imagine
immediate
import
important
improve
impulse
in
incident
include
increase
indentification
independent
indiscrimination
individual
industry
inelegance
inexpedience
infect
inflate
influence
inform
information
inject
injure
ink
innocent
insane
insect
insertion
inspect
instead
institution
instrument
insult
insurance
intellect
intelligence
intense
interchange
interest
interfere
international
into
invade
invent
invest
investigate
invite
involve
iron
irregularity
irritate
irritation
island
issue
it
its
jacket
jail
jewel
job
join
joint
joke
joy
judge
jump
jury
just
justice
keep
key
kick
kill
kind
kiss
kit
knee
knife
knock
knot
know
knowledge
labor
laboratory
lack
lake
land
language
large
last
late
laugh
law
lawsuit
lawyer
lay
layer
lead
leaf
leak
lean
learn
leave
left
leg
legal
legislature
lend
less
let
letter
level
liberation
library
lie
life
lift
light
like
limit
line
link
lip
liquid
list
listen
little
live
load
loan
local
lock
log
long
malevolence
metal
method
middle
might
military
milk
million
mind
mine
minister
minor
minute
miss
mist
mistake
mix
mob
model
moderate
modern
money
month
moon
moral
more
morning
most
mother
motion
motor
mountain
mouth
move
movie
much
murder
muscle
music
must
my
mystery
nail
name
narrow
nation
native
natural
nature
navigation
navy
near
necessary
neck
need
negation
negative
neighbor
neither
nerve
nest
neutral
never
new
news
next
nice
night
nine
ninety
ninth
no
noise
nominate
nomination
noon
normal
north
nose
not
note
nothing
notice
now
nowhere
nuclear
nullification
number
obey
object
observe
occupy
ocean
odd
odorlessness
of
off
offensive
offer
office
officer
official
often
oil
old
on
once
one
only
open
operate
opinion
opportunityt
opposite
oppress
oppression
or
orange
order
organic
organize
ornament
other
our
ours
oust
out
over
owe
own
package
page
pain
paint
pan
pants
paper
parade
parallel
parcel
parent
parliament
part
partner
party
pass
passenger
passport
past
paste
path
patient
pay
payment
peace
pen
pencil
people
percent
perfect
perform
period
permanent
permit
person
philosophy
photograph
photography
physical
pick
picture
piece
pig
pile
pilot
pipe
pity
place
plan
plant
plastic
plate
play
please
plenty
plunge
pocket
point
poison
pole
police
policy
politics
pollute
possible
postpone
potato
pour
powder
power
practice
praise
pray
predetermination
pregnant
preparation
prepare
presence
present
president
press
pressure
prevent
price
pride
principle
print
prison
private
prize
probable
probity
problem
process
produce
profess
profit
program
progress
project
promise
proper
property
propose
prosperity
protect
protest
prove
provide
pry
psychology
public
publish
pull
pump
punish
purchase
pure
purple
purpose
push
put
quality
quarters
question
quick
quiet
quit
race
radar
radiation
radio
raid
rail
rain
raise
rare
rash
rate
ray
reach
react
read
ready
real
realistic
reason
receive
recession
recognize
record
recover
recreation
red
reduce
reflect
reflection
refugee
refuse
regression
regret
regular
regularity
reject
rejection
relation
release
religion
relinquishment
remain
remember
remove
repair
repeat
report
represent
request
require
rescue
research
resign
resist
resolve
resonance
resource
respect
response
responsible
rest
restrain
result
retire
retreat
return
reveal
revelation
review
revolt
reward
rice
rich
ride
right
ring
riot
rise
risk
river
road
rob
rock
rocket
roll
roof
room
root
rope
rough
round
rub
rubber
ruin
rule
run
sabotage
sacrifice
sad
safe
sail
salt
same
sand
satellite
satisfy
save
say
scale
school
science
scratch
screen
screw
sea
search
season
seat
second
secret
security
see
seed
seek
seem
seize
seldom
self
sell
senate
send
sense
sensibility
sentence
separate
series
serious
serve
service
set
settle
seven
seventy
several
severe
sex
shade
shake
shall
shallow
shame
shape
share
sharp
she
shelf
shell
shelter
shine
ship
shirt
shock
shoe
shoot
short
should
shout
show
shrink
shut
sick
side
sight
sign
signal
silence
silk
silver
similar
simple
since
sing
single
sister
sit
situation
six
sixty
size
skeleton
skill
skin
skirt
sky
slave
sleep
slide
slip
slow
small
smash
smell
smile
smoke
smooth
snake
sneeze
snow
so
soap
sober
sobriety
social
society
soft
soil
soldier
solid
solve
some
son
song
soon
sorcery
sorrow
sort
soul
sound
sour
south
space
speak
special
speech
speed
spell
spend
spirit
spit
sport
spot
spread
spring
spy
square
stage
stammering
stamp
stand
star
start
starve
statement
station
statue
stay
steal
steam
steel
stem
step
stick
stiff
still
stomach
stone
stop
store
storm
story
straight
strange
stream
street
stretch
strike
stringy
strip
strong
structure
struggle
study
stupid
style
subject
substance
substitute
substitution
succeed
such
sudden
suffer
sugar
suggest
suit
summer
sun
supervise
supply
support
suppose
suppress
sure
surface
surprise
surrender
surround
survive
suspect
suspend
sustain
swallow
swear
sweep
sweet
swim
symbol
sympathy
system
table
tail
take
talk
tall
target
taste
tax
tea
teach
team
tear
technical
technology
teen
telephone
television
tell
ten
tenacity
term
terrible
territory
terror
test
than
thank
that
the
theater
their
theirs
them
then
theory
there
these
they
thick
thin
thing
think
third
thirteen
thirty
this
though
thought
thousand
thread
threat
three
throat
through
throw
thunder
ticket
tie
tight
time
tin
tired
title
to
tobacco
today
toe
together
tomorrow
tongue
tonight
too
tool
tooth
top
torture
total
touch
tough
toward
tower
town
tractions
trade
tradition
traffic
transport
travel
treason
treasure
treat
treatment
treaty
tree
trial
tribe
trick
trip
troop
trouble
truck
TRUE
trust
try
tube
turn
twelve
twenty
twice
twist
two
type
unconformity
under
understand
unit
unite
unity
universe
university
unless
until
up
urge
urgent
us
use
usual
utility
valley
value
vegetable
vehicle
verse
version
vertical
very
veto
vicious
victim
victory
view
village
violate
violence
virtue
visibility
visit
voice
vote
wage
wait
walk
wall
want
war
ward
warm
warn
wash
waste
watch
water
wave
way
we
weak
wealth
weapon
wear
weariness
weather
week
weight
welcome
well
west
wet
what
wheat
wheel
when
where
which
while
white
who
whole
why
wide
wife
wild
will
win
wind
window
wine
wing
winter
wipe
wire
wise
wish
with
withdraw
without
woman
wonder
wonderful
wood
wool
word
work
world
worry
worse
worship
worth
wound
wreck
write
wrong
year
yellow
yes
yesterday
yet
you
young
your
yours
zero
Top 5000 words in example sentences
1500 DAILY WORDS
a
ability
able
about
above
abuse
accept
access
according
account
accurate
achieve
across
act
action
active
activity
actor
actual
actually
ad
add
addition
additional
address
administration
advance
advanced
advantage
advertising
advice
affect
afford
afraid
after
afternoon
again
against
age
agency
agent
ago
agree
agreement
ahead
air
alcohol
all
allow
almost
alone
along
already
also
alternative
although
always
amazing
among
amount
an
analysis
and
angle
animal
annual
another
answer
anticipate
anxiety
any
anyone
anything
anywhere
apartment
appeal
appear
appearance
application
apply
appreciate
approach
appropriate
are
area
argument
army
around
art
article
as
ask
aspect
association
assume
at
atmosphere
attack
attempt
attention
attitude
audience
author
available
average
avoid
aware
awareness
away
baby
back
background
bad
balance
ball
band
bank
base
basic
basically
basis
bat
bath
be
beach
beat
beautiful
because
become
been
before
begin
beginning
behind
being
believe
below
belt
bench
benefit
best
better
between
beyond
big
bird
birth
bit
black
blank
block
blood
blue
board
boat
body
bone
book
born
borrow
boss
both
bottom
bowl
box
boyfriend
brain
bread
break
breakfast
bridge
bright
bring
broad
brown
brush
budget
build
building
burn
bus
business
busy
but
button
buy
by
calendar
call
camera
campaign
can
cancel
cancer
candidate
cap
capable
capital
car
card
care
career
careful
carefully
carry
case
cash
catch
category
cause
cell
certain
certainly
chain
challenge
chance
change
character
charge
chart
cheap
check
chemical
chemistry
chicken
child
choice
choose
cigarette
city
claim
class
classic
classroom
clean
clear
clearly
click
climate
close
closed
closely
club
coast
coat
cold
collect
collection
college
combination
combine
come
comfortable
command
commercial
commission
common
communicate
communication
community
company
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https://www.english.makeaneasy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/1500-most-common-english-words.pdf
BASIC English 850 : the two versions
BASIC (advertisement version)
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box
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discovery
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BASIC (furniture version)
a
able
about
account
acid
across
act
addition
adjustment
after
again
against
agreement
air
all
almost
among
amount
amusement
and
angle
angry
animal
answer
ant
any
apparatus
apple
approval
arch
argument
arm
army
art
as
at
attempt
attention
attraction
authority
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awake
baby
back
bad
bag
balance
ball
band
base
basin
basket
bath
be
beat
because
bed
bee
beef
before
behavior
belief
bell
bent
berry
between
bird
birth
bite
bitter
black
blade
blood
blow
blue
boat
body
boiling
bone
book
boot
bottle
box
boy
brain
brake
branch
brass
bread
breath
brick
bridge
bright
broken
brother
brown
brush
bucket
building
bulb
bull
burn
burst
business
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butter
button
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cake
camera
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care
cart
cat
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chance
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cheese
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chin
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cigarette
circle
clean
clear
cloth
cloud
coal
coat
cold
collar
color
comb
come
comfort
committee
common
company
comparison
competition
complete
complex
condition
connection
conscious
control
cook
copper
copy
cord
cork
cotton
cough
country
cover
cow
crack
credit
crime
cruel
crush
cry
cup
current
curtain
curve
cushion
cut
damage
dance
danger
dark
daughter
day
dead
dear
death
debt
decision
deep
degree
delicate
dependent
design
desire
destruction
detail
development
different
digestion
direct
direction
dirty
discovery
discussion
disease
disgust
distance
distribution
division
do
dog
door
doubt
down
drain
drawer
dress
drink
driving
drop
dry
dust
ear
early
earth
east
edge
education
effect
egg
elastic
electric
end
engine
enough
equal
error
even
event
ever
every
example
existence
expansion
experience
expert
eye
face
fact
fall
false
family
far
farm
fat
father
fear
feather
feeble
feeling
female
fertile
fiction
field
fight
finger
fire
first
fish
fixed
flag
flame
flat
flight
float
floor
flower
fly
fold
food
foolish
foot
for
force
fork
form
forward
fowl
frame
free
frequent
friend
from
front
fruit
full
furniture
future
garden
garment
general
get
girl
give
glass
glove
go
goat
gold
good
government
grain
grass
great
green
grey/gray
grip
group
growth
guide
gun
hair
hammer
hand
hanging
happy
harbor
hard
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hat
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have
he
head
healthy
hearing
heart
heat
help
here
high
history
hole
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hook
hope
horn
horse
hospital
hour
house
how
humor
I
ice
idea
if
ill
important
impulse
in
increase
industry
insect
instrument
insurance
interest
international
invention
iron
island
jelly
jewel
join
journey
judge
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knee
knife
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knowledge
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leaf
learning
leather
left
leg
lemon
let
letter
level
library
lift
light
like
limit
line
linen
lip
liquid
list
little (less ,least)
living
lock
long
loose
loss
loud
love
low
lump
lung
machine
make
male
man
manager
map
mark
market
married
match
material
may
meal
measure
meat
medical
memory
mesh
metal
middle
military
milk
mind
mine
minute
mist
mixed
money
monkey
month
moon
morning
most)
mother
motion
mountain
mouth
move
much (more
muscle
music
nail
name
narrow
nation
natural
near
necessary
neck
need
needle
nerve
new
news
night
no
noise
normal
north
nose
not
note
now
number
nut
observation
of
off
offer
office
oil
old
on
only
open
operation
opinion
opposite
or
orange
order
organization
ornament
other
out
oven
over
owner
page
pain
paint
paper
parallel
parcel
part
past
paste
payment
pen
pencil
person
physical
picture
piece
pig
pin
pipe
place
plane
plant
plate
play
please
pleasure
plough/plow
pocket
point
poison
police
polish
political
poor
porter
position
possible
pot
potato
powder
power
present
price
print
prison
private
probable
process
produce
profit
property
prose
public
pull
pump
punishment
purpose
push
put
quality
question
quick
quiet
quite
rail
rain
range
rat
rate
ray
reaction
reading
ready
reason
receipt
record
red
regret
regular
relation
religion
representative
request
rest
rhythm
rice
right
ring
river
road
rod
roll
roof
room
root
rough
round
rub
rule
run
sad
safe
sail
salt
same
sand
say
scale
school
science
scissors
screw
sea
seat
second
secret
secretary
see
seed
seem
selection
self
send
sense
separate
serious
servant
sex
shade
sharp
sheep
shelf
ship
shirt
shock
shoe
short
shut
side
sign
silk
silver
simple
sister
size
skin
sky
sleep
slip
slope
slow
small
smash
smell
smile
smoke
smooth
snake
sneeze
snow
so
soap
society
sock
soft
solid
some
son
song
sort
sound
soup
south
space
spade
special
spider
sponge
spoon
sport
spring
square
stage
stamp
star
start
statement
station
steam
steel
stem
step
stick
sticky
stiff
stitch
stocking
stomach
stone
stop
store
story
straight
strange
street
stretch
strong
structure
substance
such
sudden
sugar
suggestion
summer
sun
support
surface
surprise
sweet
swim
system
table
tail
take
talk
tall
taste
tax
teaching
tendency
test
than
that
the
then
theory
there
thick
thin
thing
this
though
thought
thread
throat
through
thumb
thunder
ticket
tight
till
time
tin
tired
to
toe
together
tomorrow
tongue
tooth
top
touch
town
trade
train
trained
transport
tray
tree
trouble
trousers
true
turn
twist
umbrella
under
unit
up
use
value
verse
very
vessel
vibration
view
violent
violet
voice
waiting
walk
wall
war
warm
wash
waste
watch
water
wave
wax
way
weather
week
weight
well
west
wet
what
wheel
when
where
while
whip
whistle
white
who
why
wide
will
wind
window
wine
wing
winter
wire
wise
with
woman
wood
wool
word
work
worm
writing
wrong
year
yellow
yes
yesterday
you
young
BASIC1931 KEGAN publisher
Basic English Applied (Science)
by C.K. OGDEN
Author of “Basic English”, etc.
with specimen translations in chemistry,
physics and biology
by R. MICHAELIS
London
Kegan Paul, Trench, Turbner & Co., Ltd.
Broadway House, Carter lane, E.C.
1931
#BASIC1931 #BASICfurniture
#BASICcigarette
advertisement
attack
beautiful
bit
board
carriage
chest
clock
exchange
ink
mass
meeting
net
peace
protest
respect
responsible
reward
shake
shame
skirt
still
trick
wound
beat
beef
bull
cigarette
dance
direct
float
furniture
garment
international
latent
lemon
lump
lung
mesh
piece
police
spider
sport
surface
trained
vibration
violet
what
Apart from some spelling differences (color, colour; grey, gray; plough, plow), these are the 24 inexplained differences between the two listings.
jansegers
boosted
Globish: Business Communication for Non-Native Speakers
Jean-Paul Nerrière | 2012
There is no choice left.
There is no choice left, English is and will remain the language of international communication. Many languages have been seen as the language of the world at some point in history. But this occurred during periods when the average person's idea of the world was limited to a small piece of what the world is today. Greek and Latin enjoyed the world language position for the Roman Empire, beyond which nothing existed for the Romans. Russian was seen as universal, but this was largely within the Soviet Union and the Pact of Warsaw. French used to be the language of the upper class in many countries until 1918, but this was in the European culture only.
Because of both extensive world trade and wartime victories, English began to build its strong language position in the 19th century. For many more reasons, it is now established everywhere for international communication, in many professions and especially for business. There will be no step back. For the first time ever in history, communication is now truly global, and it happens in less than a second. The average person's world has thus grown hugely. That world is no longer a little piece of the earth, but the whole globe. The once-extreme importance of Latin, and Russian, and French -- each in its turn -- now becomes just an interesting sidelight to history.
Another country might, in the future, replace the USA as the leading economic, cultural or military power (or all three). It may well be a non-English-speaking country. But its language, whatever it might be, would not replace English as the worldwide language. To achieve such an outstanding position, that country will need excellent businesspeople. These businesspeople will succeed because, among many skills, they will master enough English to win their economic battles. They will not see any need to export their mother tongue, and they will thus most probably be supporters of English. They will know that speaking in their mother tongue, when it is foreign to others, will give them no edge at all. (This is exactly the opposite of what most people think about speaking with native English speakers today.)
But who speaks English?
Most of my American or British friends would think I do. But I do not think so. I understand them, and they understand my English most of the time. However, I do not speak like them, and it is clear from the first second that English is not my mother tongue. (See Sidebar: What is the situation in France?)
People like you or me are the huge majority. That is, we own the world language, and may soon own the world. Native English-speakers are at most 12% of mankind, and this counts many who live in countries where English is only one of several official languages, like India.
The rest of us speak and use some English. We have a variety of understandable pronunciations. We have a grammar which is clear but not long-winded, and a number of tricks to make sure we are understood. With all of this, we manage to get our message across, in enough situations to be happy with it.
My observation, of over forty years now, is that we Globish speakers manage better among us than when we are working with native English speakers. It is because together we understand our limitations better. This light struck me full on in Tokyo, in September of 1989. I had just been appointed Vice President of IBM USA, in charge of International Marketing; and I was visiting Japan, the biggest market for IBM after the USA. A team of Americans working for me was on the same trip. These Americans quickly silenced all Japanese responses in the conference rooms with their large number of words, spoken so quickly in such long sentences.
On the other hand, I observed that my “poor” communication with my Japanese fellows, and Japanese executives of leading international customers, was somehow more effective. There was clearly more trust between us. These Japanese top leaders had been bravely entering a discussion where their limited English could lead to shame. With my limited English, I was losing face more than often, but they saw that I had good fun about it. When that ice was broken, the non-native English (you may read Globish) speakers were a great deal more comfortable.
It was clear then that because of their extensive English, my American employees were the ones creating the distance. The Japanese leaders thought they could have tried harder to understand us. This distance could not happen between the employees and me, of course. I was the boss, and accepted many shameful occasions as a fact of life in international communication. I knew I was a respectable boss, and a fairly effective one. My command of English would not have made me a better one, even if it had been perfect.
I found this truth: “There is something wrong in this world, it seems. We are all supposed to speak English, and my Japanese friend Satake-san, whose English is not better than mine, communicates better with me than with Ted and Dick (from IBM), who have English as a mother tongue.”
While Satake-san and the Japanese executives I met were doing their best, they were not really speaking a high level of English (just like me). I understood that they had limitations in their English, and I had limitations in mine. And, (good news!), these limitations were not exactly the same, but still not very different. None of non-native speakers would use unfamiliar words like "eerie," "spooky," or "skittery." This was why we felt comfortable with each other. I decided that if I could make the limitations identical, the result would be the same as if we had no limitation left at all. In theory, all communication would then be perfect. I just needed to observe closely, and set these limitations to what would be “enough” English.
When back in the office in Armonk, near New York City, I had a meeting with my whole team. I told them, “You think your command of English is a plus, that it gives you an edge. Not all, it is a handicap. What is spoken around the world might be written like English, sounds like English, tastes like English, but it is not English. I will give it a different name, and call it 'Globish,' because, if I called it 'simple English,' you would also say again, 'This is still MY English, but simple. I can make mine simple, it is easy.' However, it is not easy at all, you will have to adapt and understand and be understood by our Japanese customers better. Otherwise we will lose businesses there.”
Needless to say, they were shocked.
Sidebar: What is the situation in France?
It is terrible, much worse than in Japan, for at least three reasons:
1)- The majority of students study only in written form.
In my country, most of the teachers are not interested in preparing their students for an international business life. This is true in high school, or even in colleges not specializing in foreign languages. They focus on the wonderful Anglo-Saxon culture, the literature. They do not want to prepare “ready made products” for the needs of the businesses. With this, the goal of learning English is to pass a test, and then enter college. A minority of the teachers has a different view: they want their students to have the best chance of getting a job. Theirs are the only students who will enter active life just after high school without going to college and university. These teachers want their students to get jobs fast. Thus they work more on the real issue for students, which is being able to work in an international environment as soon as there is a need. Those are the ones who support Globish. The overall result, however, is that the majority of French students study English which is presented and understood only in written form.
2)- Our French ears are not trained to the features of English.
This is all the more a problem since there is no accentuation in French, no stressed syllable, as opposed to English and a number of other languages. The result is that our French ears are not trained to this feature of English. We do not notice there is an accentuation when we hear a word, and we cannot reproduce what we cannot hear. When we learn the words from their written forms, we think the word “international” (which exists with exactly the same spelling in my language) should be pronounced the same way as it is French. Nobody would ever understand, unless he is also French.
3)- The French are terribly unsure.
They do not believe enough in themselves. They are most concerned about losing face, perhaps more so than my Japanese friends. “Ridicule will kill you” is a saying everybody here knows. Most people do not even try to speak English, especially with native English speakers. They are afraid of and think they will not be up to expectations. In a group, when one of them wants to say something important, he starts preparing in his mind the pretty sentence he will use. When he is finally ready, the discussion has already gone elsewhere, it is too late, and my poor friend keeps silent. The group missed his ideas, and he is very upset, at himself and at the group. If I may be forgiven the comparison, on average the Germans do not speak English better than we French, but they do not care. They step forth and speak out, happily saying what they have to say, whatever the quality of their English, and they do not seem to suffer any shame.
English doesn’t indicate your skills as a professional.
Does your command of English indicate your skills as a professional? Not at all, you are a good professional, and this has nothing to do with whether your English is excellent or not. The truth is that, if my child had a severe brain bleeding while in Osaka, I would try to find the best brain doctor in Osaka. I would certainly not want the one who speaks English best but does not have the best experience.
Large multinational or international companies tend to forget that. They push up the foreigners with the best English, for the simple comfort of the ones who are at the top, especially in American based companies. With better English, even bad ideas are at least easier for their bosses to understand. On the other hand, useful and inventive thinking is often overlooked completely. This is a very serious mistake in too many large companies. They do not put their child in the hands of the best doctor, but with the doctor who sounds most like them. In the IBM of the late 70's, there were forty IBM Vice Presidents (the highest rank under the Management Committee, usually four American members). Thirty nine of the VPs were Americans, while half of the businesses were already coming from abroad… Was there not anything wrong?
Failures are covered up.
Does this intercultural difference and communication problem result in failures? Quite often it does, but only a few can be recorded, and become known. Such business failures happen, but they are not often seen as a direct outcome of an international communication problem. Excuses are usually found elsewhere. However, recently The Economist had their Intelligence Unit poll 572 top executives worldwide on the true cost of language differences. That report says that nearly half the executives at global companies believe language barriers have spoiled cross-border deals and caused financial losses for their companies.
Outside of business, failures are much easier to identify. We know the case of the Avianca Flight 52, which crashed near JFK Airport close to New York City, on January 25th, 1990, after the crew tried many times to tell the control tower that they were running out of fuel in the middle of a terrible snow-storm. Had they been able to communicate better with the American controllers, 73 people might not have lost their lives.
Or take the very sad story of Yoshihiro Hattori, who was shot dead in October 1992 in Louisiana by a homeowner who thought Hattori-san was dangerous. The homeowner shouted, “freeze,” with a very threatening handgun in his hand. However, Hattori-san did not know that, in American English, “freeze” (become ice) can have more than one meaning (in this case, “Don’t move!”).
In the business world, there must be many similar stories, quickly covered up and blamed on other causes. I was one of the leading representatives of IBM in the deal our company closed with Amadeus, the airline reservation system created in Europe in 1987. Our competitor was Unisys (the company built by joining Burroughs with Sperry-Univac, and at that point the long time supplier of Air France). Air France was leading the discussions, also representing Lufthansa, Iberia, and SAS, the other early fathers of Amadeus. On one hand, the Unisys CEO and most important representative was W. Michael Blumenthal, former Secretary of the Treasury of the USA in the Administration of President Jimmy Carter. I remember a meeting in Madrid where one of the participants reported that the discussion with this gentleman had not been easy, although he was one of the best travelled Americans you could dream of, having also left Nazi Germany for the USA at age 13; of course his English was perfect.
Now I ask: Was my very limited English, in support of the CEO of IBM for Europe, more suitable for this group, where no-one else was English speaking by birth? I cannot tell for sure. All I know is that IBM declared later that the outstanding technology and the creativity of the sales team had made all the difference. On the other side, I suspect Unisys found another nice explanation for losing. Who would blame communication difficulties? Who could realize there could have been any such difficulty? In global communication, people do not tell you when you are not communicating well; they just keep smiling, hoping that things will get better soon. Only non-native speakers can see a difference.
Victories and failures have a lot to do with the effectiveness and the comfort of communication, but are not described as such. Credit for them is usually given to better quality of the offering on the winning side, or to unfair competitive practices or lack of the right products on the losing side.
The better way to attack global communication.
The first duty in Globish, is to make the learner realize and accept that, if he or she is an excellent international accountant, this has nothing to do with his command of English. And an excellent command of English does not make him a better accountant. If he or she is part of a group, it is because he can bring something on the subject under discussion, or in the decision which is expected. Then, all the members must listen to him, and listen carefully, until they are sure they gained from him what he could bring to the table.
This is clearly the participant’s duty to reach a level I indicate as “enough English.” It is not Oxford English, but it is enough for the business needs. Then, it is the duty of the other participants to adapt their own communication to this exact level, in order to be understood also by him and the others. The usual native speaker’s position is where he just points his finger in the direction of the other side of the river, and tells us, “You must join me there. Swim!” This is their side, the real full English side, where they feel comfortable, as they believe they are the best in communication with the mother tongue they have enjoyed from the day they were born.
All of this is wrong. It is their duty, and, more importantly, it is their interest, to join us in the island in the middle of the river, and not let us swim hopelessly and die in the river when we cannot reach their side.
This is why there is a sentence you will never hear in Globish, it just does not exist: “You do not understand,” which translates for us as: “If YOU do not understand ME, it means YOU have a problem, please fix YOUR problem.” The forbidden sentence has to be replaced by “I am not making myself clear.” In this new idea, the responsibility for being understood is not on the one who is listening, but on the person who is speaking. Perfect English is no good if you are not understood. Being understood is what is needed, even if you are not perfect.
Since those days at IBM when I first presented the idea of Globish, I have worked to make Globish a more distinct tool for international communication. Using the 1500 basic Globish words I used in this article, whole books on the subject have been written, and have now been translated into 10 languages including Chinese, Russian, Spanish, and Portuguese. (The new book we are working on now enlarges much more on this article, and on the place Globish will have in world business.)
What is “Globish”?
Globish is this idea: We can all communicate better if we stick to simple rules. These include a limited set of words, short and simple sentences which result in a simple English grammar, and a pronunciation which is understandable. Most importantly, the language responsibility falls on the person who is trying to communicate. There is a need for everyone, certainly including the native English speakers, to adapt to using Globish at that level. Operating on this common ground provides everyone a better understanding of one’s own professional ability. But it also creates a higher level of respect for persons who must be valued for their skills, if not for their English quite yet. A number of distinct practices can improve the strength and quality of such communication within just a few minutes, as soon as they are understood, but they would be too long to describe in this document (short summary under “The Ten Basic Rules of Globish” in Exhibit).
There have been many questions and arguments surrounding Globish since my first book [1] on that was a best seller in Europe, and these continue through our second (recent) best seller [2] in Japan. Most objections come from professors and other English language teachers who have secure professional areas they wish to protect against new ideas. But “Globish” is not a language, as a language is the vehicle of a culture. If you want to enjoy William Shakespeare, Oscar Wilde, or Mark Twain, study English. However, if you want to close business deals in Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Moscow, Istanbul, or Beijing, Globish is what you need. Globish is enough English, and more than that would usually be too much. Speak Globish; you will be speaking like the people you will be meeting with. What else is needed?
Perhaps a standards-setting group, to make sure Globish remains consistent across various cultures. Currently, the Globish Foundation, a non-profit voluntary organization in Australia, provides the international Globish standards and testing.
Exhibit. The Ten Basic Rules of Globish
1. Whoever speaks or writes is responsible for being understood, the other person is never guilty.
2. Use only words in the Globish glossary (1500 words).
3. Use mostly active voice.
4. Keep sentences short (15 words or fewer).
5. Repeat yourself.
6. Avoid metaphors, colorful expressions, and idioms.
7. Avoid negative questions.
8. Avoid all humor.
9. Avoid acronyms.
What should large corporations do?
Native English speakers may realize one fact all too late, and that fact won't reverse itself. The Chinese and the Brazilians and eventually the Vietnamese and the Thais, and others, are the ones bringing vast amounts of new wealth to be shared at your table. Clearly, you will do much better at that table if they will talk with you.
On this point, Japanese, German, or French companies are much better off than American companies, just because their leading executives are less demanding on the command of English. They are ready to accept an in-between level instead of a close-to-perfect one. They can work with foreign partners who are far from perfect with English. The story of the brain doctor works for them, in their best interest, they get the highest quality treatment for their child.
Most of them have, nonetheless, a special liking for whatever is written in the nicest English. Letters to the employees worldwide, to all the foreign companies, notes or guidances to the sales partners and dealers, or to the suppliers, annual report to the stockholders, are written by ex-students from Oxford or Cambridge, to make sure they are tasteful in appearance, and provide clear evidence of a high level culture. Better English seems to mean a better social status… Completely wrong! All of this should be written in the most simple, but still perfectly correct English. The result would be that 10 times more people would read it immediately, and get the message. While today, in most cases, too many have to wait for a translation which is always too late, if ever available, and cannot be perfectly exact.
The same applies to speeches or videos of the CEO and the other high level executives who, all too often, try to sound English or American. This is not thinking of the target population. Simpler is better, and has been defined in the Globish books, as well as demonstrated enough and working well.
Software tools can help get the result, where the message is identical, but the wording is simple and understandable by much larger numbers of readers. What seems necessary is to make this an official policy, and announce that the communication tool in this corporation is no longer English but Globish.
The persons who dislike the too-powerful ruling of English as a worldwide language will, on top of that, be delighted with this decision.
Once the decision is made, the savings are huge in terms of time, money, and good will. Bringing all the players in one company to this Globish level is faster, easier, and much less expensive than requiring very high English abilities. Once the employees and the other players are at this Globish level, they understand all that is communicated. With this new attitude, Globish training can be an easy fit, and Globish can start with most English beginners. Most people in business will have 350 very basic words in English, if just from being at school or seeing entertainment in English. This is the starting point we work on.
The position of English as THE worldwide language is changing, and coming to an end, as more and more non-native English speakers are using it far from the Queen’s or Mickey Mouse’s standards. When they feel they are expected to exhibit too much English, this becomes just as great a problem as when they have too little. Globish -- that level of English that most the world uses -- is limited, but can certainly be enough. It just needs to be organized and defined with limits and conditions, and this is the goal of Globish.
-- Jean-Paul Nerrière
Notes:
[1] Jean-Paul Nerriere, Parlez Globish!: Don’t speak English, Eyrolles, 2004.
[2] Jean-Paul Nerriere and David Hon, Globish the World Over, International Globish Institute, 2009. (Japanese version: Toyo Keizai, 2011.)
【原文掲載】
グロービッシュ:
非ネイティブ英語は主役となるか
Globish: Business Communication for Non-Native Speakers
ジャン＝ポール・ネリエール ：グロービッシュ提唱者
[Original text]
Globish:
Will non-native English play a leading role?
Globish: Business Communication for Non-Native Speakers
Jean-Paul Nerrière: Advocate of Globish
Can Globish be the Language of the World? Examining the Effectiveness of Using Highly Simplified English in International Education
Kristine Newton | 2013
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Joined Oct 2019
