罗念生《古希腊罗马文学》笔记整理
（我也不知道我干吗搞双语）
古希腊文学的发展
1.开端 史诗：氏族社会开始解体时期——公元前7世纪以前，有一千多年历史。最早的是荷马史诗，歌颂巴赛勒斯（“军事首长”，一般译为国王）的宫廷文学。稍晚出现长篇叙事诗，以赫西俄德诗为主。
2.发展 抒情诗：公元前7世纪至公元前6世纪。氏族社会解体，人们开始独立谋生。抒情诗贵族文学，也有一千多年的历史。知名诗人有萨福、品达。
戏剧：公元前6世纪末叶，奴隶民主制建成，人民大众的思想情感要求用集体方式表达。戏剧综合了荷马的戏剧性对话和抒情诗的合唱歌的风格形式。
演说：民主运动期间，出现僭主，僭主被推翻后，贵族奴隶主为了收回财产，需要诉讼的知识，由此诉讼演说逐渐出现。贵族子弟谋求仕途，由此政治演说逐渐出现。这两种演说是古希腊的主要散文。
哲学历史著作：公元前5世纪至公元前4世纪。主要有柏拉图对话、希罗多德《希波战争史》和修昔底德《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》。公元前1世纪也有普鲁塔克《希腊罗马名人比较列传》。
文学理论：公元前4世纪。下半期，黄金时代结束。一些理论家运用哲学思想和科学方法对古希腊文学加以总结。著名作品有《蛙》《诗学》（讲诗）《修辞学》（讲散文）《论崇高》（讲风格）。
新体裁“传奇小说”：公元前3世纪出现。来源于“新喜剧”、神话传说、历险故事和海外奇谈。一直发展到3世纪。著名作品琉善《真实的故事》、赫利俄多罗斯《埃塞俄比亚故事》和朗戈斯《达夫尼斯和赫洛亚》。
Notes of Ancient Greek and Roman literature by Luo Niansheng
The development of ancient Greek literature
1. Beginning
Epic: In the period when the clan society began to disintegrate before the 7th century BC. It's more than a thousand years old. The earliest is Homer's epic,a kind of palace literature for eulogizing Basilus(A military chief, usually translated as a king).Later, there were long narrative poems, mainly composed of Hesiod poems.
2. Development
Lyric poetry:From 7th to 6th centuries BC. The clan society disintegrated and people began to earn their own living. Lyric poetry also has a history of more than one thousand years. Famous poets include Sappho and pindar.
Drama: At the end of the 6th century BC,slave democracy was built. People's thoughts and feelings need to be expressed in a collective way. Drama learns dialogue from Homer, and the form and style of chorus in drama are derived from lyric poetry.
Speech: During the democratic movement, there were tyrants. After the tyrants were overthrown, slave-owning aristocracy needed the knowledge of litigation in order to recover their property. The aristocracy sought political careers and political speeches gradually develpoed. These two kinds of speeches were the chief prose of ancient Greece.
Philosophical and historical works: From 5th to 4th centuries BC. There are mainly Platonic dialogues, Geeco-Presian Wars by Herodotus and Thucydides's History of the Peloponnesian War. There is alsoThe live of the Noble Grecians and Romans by Plutarch in the first century BC.
Literary theory: in the second half of the fourth century BC, the golden age was over. Some theorists use philosophical and scientific methods to summarize ancient Greek literature. Famous works are Frog, Poetics (poetry), Rhetoric, Peri Ypsous (About style).
New genre “Novel” : From 3rd century BC. It comes from new comedy,adventure stories and exotic yarn tales. It had been developing until the third century. Famous works include Lucian's Ture Story, the Ethiopian Story of heliodorus, and Daphnis and Chloe by Longus.