A DICOM image.
DICOM is the medical image format, very TIFF-like.
Its preamble makes many polyglots possible, including TIFF-DICOM sharing the same image data.
It doesn't tolerate appended data - but just append a "private" tag if needed.
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@Ange One thing that's not apparent from the diagram is that DICOM can store weirdly-dimensional things: it's used to store 3d images (e.g. sequences of 2d slices in MRI) and reportedly is also used for animated 2d and 3d images. I'm not sure if higher dimensionalities are possible and, if so, used in practice.
I also recall that it supported large bit depths (because e.g. that's very useful for X-ray images), but that is less surprising.
@robryk oh yeah, it’s quite crazy!!