robryk @robryk@qoto.org

@_thegeoff do you have experience or ideas on how to mask off infrared leakage from an emitter to a detector that are next to each other (the intent is to detect reflections/diffuse reflections)?

I currently have 5mm IR LEDs and a photodiode next to each other, in black heat shrink that extends down to the slight ridge in the base, but don't overlap it. I still get significant signal when there's nothing in front and adding more layers of heat shrink doesn't help. My best guess is that I am seeing emission going backwards and scattering off the pcb into the photodiode, but am somewhat unsure how to deal with that given that I need something ir-opaque, nonconductive, and able to withstand the heat of soldering.

Aaand the media file got lost.

This is not a sound recording; it's a recording of intensity of reflected IR. :)

This is not a sound recording; it's a recording of intensity of reflected IR. :)

It seems that black heatshrink and aluminium foil are much less IR-translucent than heatshrink of other colors and cardstock. Heatshrink of other colors isn't that surprising, but I was really surprised to see how translucent cardstock is.

WTF Osram, why do your LEDs have longer cathodes than anodes? (https://look.ams-osram.com/m/6985efa866041336/original/SFH-4547.pdf)

```
LOG_NLS_V | info | Start solving Non-Linear System 207 (size 8) at time 0 with Hybrd Solver
| | | | | 1. der(reactor.coolant_vessel.medium.h) = 0.000000
| | | | | | nominal = 250000000.000000
| | | | | | old = 0.000000
| | | | | | extrapolated = 0.000000
| | | | | 2. test_loop.flow_restr_2.flowModel.states[2].h = 100000.000000
| | | | | | nominal = 500000.000000
| | | | | | old = 100000.000000
| | | | | | extrapolated = 0.000000
| | | | | 3. test_loop.pump.heatTransfer.states[1].h = 84030.539315
| | | | | | nominal = 500000.000000
| | | | | | old = 84030.539315
| | | | | | extrapolated = 0.000000
| | | | | 4. test_loop.pump_2.heatTransfer.states[1].p = 119900.000000
| | | | | | nominal = 100000.000000
| | | | | | old = 119900.000000
| | | | | | extrapolated = 0.000000
| | | | | 5. test_loop.pump_2.heatTransfer.states[1].h = 84030.539315
| | | | | | nominal = 500000.000000
| | | | | | old = 84030.539315
| | | | | | extrapolated = 9701582846615680389965170410065635635592644909986107348146830517680841797018933994035582096881053530010197810704725168063739672624651808469562738004095429049456876177299072376746747482865664.000000
| | | | | 6. test_loop.pump.heatTransfer.states[1].p = 119900.000000
| | | | | | nominal = 100000.000000
| | | | | | old = 119900.000000
| | | | | | extrapolated = 1395545749263273562353094300355912123666420127868569549243039153200782685590445388375565229326362995465733389002326171356874244432514685387165896028648662914933266970943160745918382187935715352284279593816494624266522555068710912.000000
| | | | | 7. test_loop.pump.N = 1500.000000
| | | | | | nominal = 1.000000
| | | | | | old = 1500.000000
| | | | | | extrapolated = 107477949771266220580127046916236898947795277663670987074868389930580837650472937515744177753777718814327714610808858911987699308800252211914642615367406474047816442643162274605062751179869984619432932445505357721667305696715179033483470650708221688317554936849744913235968.000000
| | | | | 8. test_loop.pump_2.N = 1500.000000
| | | | | | nominal = 1.000000
| | | | | | old = 1500.000000
| | | | | | extrapolated = 24371644343455766312317374891129151099810235543819179569928328023469746077106736735078443514579514619241838070512462790807003317472949993331128066179656919744985893279289689732107804348505109936163901058751957917554869003401675407360.000000
```

Well, ok, but _why_? _What_ is the system of equations that leads to this absurd outcome during search for valid initial values?

Let's assume we have a fixed container filled with some amount of a liquid and its vapor. If we heat it up, obviously the fraction of mass that's in vapor form will increase (being in gas is higher energy state, fraction of stuff that's in a higher energy state increases as energy increases in a thermodynamic equilibrium; I might be wrong if there's something really wonky going on with surface tension). What about volume fraction? At first glance it seems that it can change in either direction.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusselt_number#Dittus%E2%80%93Boelter_equation says:

> n = 0.4 for the fluid being heated, and n = 0.3 for the fluid being cooled.

WTAF. Why do we have different power laws for heat transfer between a solid and liquid when the flow is turbulent _depending on the direction of heat transfer_? I can't think of any simple mean field approximation of the process that would yield that.

#physics #fluiddynamics

Delta is a Polish #math/#physics/#compsci monthly magazine, mainly aimed at high school students, but read by people of all ages (as evidenced by participation in their send-in monthly problem league). For some unknown to me reason, its April 2025 issue has an English translation: https://deltami.edu.pl/media/issues/2025/04/delta-2025-04-EN.pdf

Enjoy :)

My fridge's duty cycle, courtesy of ewz.

Mein Stromzähler wurde diese Woche mit einem "Smart Meter" ersetzt. Bezüglich Datenschutz gibt ewz an:

> Die Datenübertragung ist zwar eine wichtige Funktion, die der intelligente Stromzähler mit sich bringt. Gesendet wird aber nur einmal täglich und zwar in verschlüsselter pseudonymisierter Form. Das heisst: Übermittelt werden lediglich die Nummer Ihres intelligenten Zählers und die aktuellen Verbrauchswerte. (...) So kann aufgrund der Verbrauchsdaten nicht darauf geschlossen werden, welche Tätigkeiten die Bewohner*innen ausüben.
-- https://www.ewz.ch/de/private/strom/anschluesse/smart-meter.html#faq

Das ist schon ein bisschen überverspechend: tagliche Stromverbrauchwerte lassen jemand feststellen, ob ich weg (im Urlaub) sind, oder ob ich an diesem Tag gekocht habe (und vielleicht ob für mehrere Personen gekocht wurde).

Danach habe ich aus Neugiere auf mein ewz geguckt und hat da Stromverbrauch separat für jede 15 Minuten gefunden. Das ist sicherlich genug um viel mehr über meine Tätigkeiten festzustellen: wenn ich komme nach Hause, wenn ich Tee am Morgen mache, vlt. wenn ich koche, usw.

Ich bin ein bisschen enttäuscht mit dem Kleinmachen und irreführenden Erklärungen (wie beim Datenschutz vom Swisspass, der "nur" ein Kennnummer ablesen lässt). Ich bin auch neugierig, ob Angriffversuche auf den System von den Einbrechern finanziert werden.

https://atomic-spectra.net/ shows emission spectra of various atoms _with intensities_ and with pictures acquired experimentally.

TIL that in oceans (assuming lack of salinity gradients) it's actually the coldest water that sinks:

> The temperature of maximum density and the freezing point of water decrease as salt is added to water, and the temperature of maximum density decreases more rapidly than the freezing point. At salinities less than 24.7 psu the density maximum is reached before the ice point, while at the higher salinities more typical of the open oceans the maximum density is never achieved naturally.
-- https://www.britannica.com/science/seawater/Thermal-properties

How does metallic gallium damage eyes? I see lots of SDSs for gallium claiming that it's corrosive (well, that's kinda true) and that it causes heavy eye damage in contact with eyes.