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Wiener was wrong. There is ***no*** ***in*** either the animal or in the machine, only by the application of to their inner flow of matter and energy.

Communication is established ***between*** animals and/or machines, and, as Shannon correctly recognized, requires an independent communication susceptible to the environmental disturbance called .

In order to be able to communicate animals and machines must share a common or cipher used to code their respective messages. Communication is always one-way and does not require feedback. The sender has no control over the message after it is sent through the channel.

A special case of communication is where the communication is established between the observer system and phenomena in its environment not necessarily produced by other systems "languaging".

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