客戶滿意度遠超過賓士的特斯拉遇上說謊大國的媒體攻擊, 那就讓中國鄉民享受自有電動車三雄蔚來、小鵬、理想的品質好啦~
鋰產業戰爭:
"世界70%鋰產能被5大公司瓜分,分別是中國贛鋒鋰業、美國雅保、智利SQM、天齊鋰業和美國利文特。鋰礦開採是鋰產業的上游,加工鋰產品並用於鋰電池則是位於產業鏈的中下游。未來新的鋰產業戰爭預計將在中下游開打,但目前在純電動車領域,中國不僅掌握上游鋰礦開發,也控制下游電池產品大部分的產能,在中游的精煉加工也有接近壟斷的優勢。"
較少被注意到的鈷礦爭奪戰。
"中國也透過投資新基建,換取中企對一帶一路部分國家礦場的所有權。
最具代表性的例子之一就是鈷礦。從智慧型手機到電動汽車,從飛機引擎到磁鐵,鈷被廣泛應用於日常商品和軍工製造。在電子時代,最具革命性的鋰電池中,鈷是不可或缺的成分。2018年,美國內政部將鈷礦列為對美國國家安全和經濟至關重要的幾種礦物之一。在美國地質調查局評估的50種礦物中,鈷礦也被列為面臨供應鏈風險最高的礦物之一。
全球最大的鈷礦石出口國為剛果,已探明的陸地鈷礦儲量佔全球的49%,而剛果40%-50%的鈷礦生產被中國公司買下。美國政治新聞網站POLITICO分析指出,對鈷礦的控制上,中國的「國家主導型」的產業政策發揮很大的作用。中國政府2007年的一筆價值60億美元的基礎設施換礦產的交易當中,其中一部分就是中國以道路、高速公路和醫院等建設項目,換取剛果一座大型鈷礦的採礦權。"
"監督全球一萬多家企業人權紀錄的「企業與人權資源中心」在這份報告指出,中國在銅、鎳和鈷等能源轉型關鍵礦物的加工、精煉領域居主導地位,在印尼、秘魯和剛果民主共和國等資源豐富國家大量投資相關產業設施,但該組織追蹤涉及在海外開採能源轉型礦物的中國公司侵權行徑,2021年1月到2022年12月期間,就紀錄到39家中國企業在18國有102起案例。"
綠能產業正重新分配過往以石油主導的能源權力全球版圖:
"Wind, sun and hydrogen are free. But the equipment that transforms them into energy, stores it in batteries and transmits it needs vast quantities of minerals whose supply is more concentrated than that of oil and gas.
Democratic Republic of Congo has 43% of the world’s cobalt deposits, Argentina 34% of lithium, Chile 30% of copper and Indonesia 19% of nickel, according to data from S&P Global. All exceed Saudi Arabia’s 12% share of global oil production and Russia’s 16% share of natural-gas output.
For all four minerals, the five largest countries have more than half of global deposits. With oil and gas, the top five control less than half, the S&P figures show.
Downstream production is even more concentrated: China refines 70% of the world’s cobalt, 65% of its lithium and 42% of its copper, far exceeding OPEC’s share of oil output. "
地緣政治讓中國電池廠商落腳匈牙利與摩洛哥以避開歐盟貿易限制:
"Hungary, in particular, is a popular destination. CATL plans to spend the equivalent of $7.7 billion in the country to build what could be the continent’s largest battery plant. Hungary is one of the friendlier countries to China in the EU bloc, and offers relatively low labor costs.
Morocco, which has free-trade agreements with both the EU and the U.S., is another likely beneficiary. Gotion has signed an agreement with the government to look into setting up a battery plant there with an eventual planned investment of $6.4 billion. China’s miner Huayou will build plants there for refining lithium and making cathode materials with Korea’s LG Chem
."