Premature birth and various pre- and peri-natal stresses can lead to a variety of brain lesions and have clearly been identified as major risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders, with variable but multiple consequences that can significantly alter the functional outcome of children in the short, medium and long term. The main aim of the various diagnostic and prognostic markers available, based in particular on clinical and neuroimaging data, is to facilitate early detection of the various disorders and to optimise the follow-up and management of these babies at risk of deficiencies.