🔴 🇺🇸 **Border Control in Early America**

Christa Dierksheide

_“In the decades preceding the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868, citizenship was conferred by states, not the federal government. Legislatures exercised enormous power over migration into and out of states in order to control—and engineer—the path to citizenship. Because these lawmakers wanted to restrict citizenship within their respective states to white property holders, they designed punitive immigration policies that either heavily restricted or prohibited Black settlement. Classifying people of color as “aliens” eliminated the possibility of Black citizenship.”_

🔗 https://yalebooks.yale.edu/2025/01/08/border-control-in-early-america/

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