**Adverse reactions to the use of large language models in social interactions**

“_Here, we report the results of a large-scale, preregistered online experiment (n= 3,552⁠⁠) showing that human players’ fairness, trust, trustworthiness, cooperation, and coordination in economic two-player games decrease when the decision of the interaction partner is taken over by ChatGPT. On the contrary, we observe no adverse reactions when individuals are uncertain whether they are interacting with a human or a LLM._”

Fabian Dvorak, Regina Stumpf, Sebastian Fehrler, Urs Fischbacher, Adverse reactions to the use of large language models in social interactions, PNAS Nexus, Volume 4, Issue 4, April 2025, pgaf112, https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf112.

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