**Experimental evidence of the effects of large language models versus web search on depth of learning**

"_Results from seven online and laboratory experiments (n = 10,462) lend support for these predictions, and confirm, for example, that participants reported developing shallower knowledge from LLM summaries even when the results were augmented by real-time web links._"

Shiri Melumad, Jin Ho Yun, Experimental evidence of the effects of large language models versus web search on depth of learning, PNAS Nexus, Volume 4, Issue 10, October 2025, pgaf316, https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf316.

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