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"The concept that scientific articles can be bought and sold (8–12) contradicts everything that most researchers wish to believe about scientific publishing, and some readers may doubt that paper mills exist. We will therefore summarise what is known or predicted of paper mill operations and their likely drivers and enablers. We will summarise the evidence that paper mills have contributed to the human gene research literature at scale and describe why human gene research may be particularly vulnerable to industrial-scale research fraud."
