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'All over Europe, the police made the mistake of assuming that the next revolutionary outbreak would be the work of a handful of trained conspirators. The explosion of almost spontaneous mass uprisings by ‘the people’ – the pattern of 1848 – took governments, liberal reformers and even Count Metternich, the supreme architect of Europe’s post-1815 order, by surprise'
https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v45/n11/neal-ascherson/kings-grew-pale
@cyrilpedia
yes, across the whole of continental europe. and almost simultaneously. And the best, most effective trick of the ruling elite was to lull 'the people' with the just emerging nationalism. up to WW1 and beyond.
(my certainly biased german perspective)