@mgrondin first and foremost, accept that you will never be done learning it.
learn.cpp seems a bit all over the place, maybe too dry, maybe inconsistent, and maybe incomplete, but I guess you could say the same about the language itself, so it's a good place to start if it works for you. It's definitely better than what I started with. You might feel like you learnt nothing even after going through it all, and that's fine.
After getting more or less comfortable with the basics of some subset of the language that happens to stick with you, you can start filtering through cppcon and cppnow talks. There is a lot but can skip everything that's doesn't capture your interest.
Simultaneously gobble up everything you can find by Alexander Stepanov... including that one talk in russian, even if you don't know russian... do this even if you give up on c++ itself!
1. I guess it depends on whether you enjoy the ride more or the end result more. If it's the former, C++ is a good choice as it's one hell of a ride, but it can be hard to make good use of it in practice, so in the latter case, might be better to go with a simpler language. Any particular reason you arrived at C++?
2. I would say programming = sane parts of math. Once math starts going insane it stops working on computers, so can't have in anyway.
1. Hmm, if python seems too disconnected, and you don't like installing and using ready made stuff, then C++ might be the right direction, since my argument was essentially going to be "it's can be hard to install and use ready made stuff with C++".
I guess for a less generic and more hands on experience I can recommend https://www.youtube.com/user/thebennybox
if you are interested in graphics and gamedev. There is some Java there too, but the latest (though still kind of old) stuff should be C++.
2. Well, I don't really know what the compiler does either, but I think it's still not that mathy. It usually is much more grounded and simple, since computers are super dumb and need very clear instructions, though it can be a lot of instructions sometimes.
1. I have no need to know C++ like i don't have any great plans for something or i don't plan on making it my career. It's simply a want to understand/ do cool little things where i can be like i made that. Either in my personal life or for work.
2. One of the things that has always stopped me from going into programing is that people always told me programing = math and math + me != I've come to realize that this is not really the case