This is a smart explanation of how the "masks don't work" message spread & why we know masks do work (and so does flossing) even if there aren't randomized controlled trials to prove it https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-went-wrong-with-a-highly-publicized-covid-mask-analysis/
But it IS hard. Because reality is complicated even if simple models are simple.
In particular, often health studies involve the messiness of human behavior, for example the differences in ways people act in response to the treatment in question.
Humans aren't aerosols. They're even more complicated than those chaotic elements.
@laurahelmuth