歐盟的大象緩緩轉身(?
"這份報告大致上比以往又更貼近了美國對中國的看法,可望為 6 月將舉行的美、歐高峰會先行定調,從報告中亦可看出科技與貿易將會是施壓中國做出改革承諾的重點領域,而歐盟可能採取包括加強審查、違規罰款、剔除在公共採購名單之外等手段做為施壓的工具。"
https://www.pourquoi.tw/2021/05/03/intlnews-euaf-210426-210502-5/
終於!⋯
“週四的議案也對「歐盟理事會在採取措施,應對香港民主的壓制上缺乏團結表達深切遺憾」,同時敦促會員國中止與中國的引渡條約,加快擬定計畫,禁止疑似使用新疆強迫勞動的產品進口。
該案也呼籲在歐盟制裁架構下採取「額外的針對性措施」,「妥當因應中國的網路安全威脅、混合攻擊以及軍民融合項目」。”
歐洲議會此次回應中國反制裁的完整文本, 僅摘要掐到實處的一點:
"Underlines the need to set up a system to check whether entities operating on the EU internal market are directly or indirectly involved in human rights abuses in Xinjiang and to introduce trade-related measures such as exclusion from public procurement and other sanctions; insists that the procurement of exploitative technology which is deployed in situations of violations of human rights should be prevented in the EU at all levels and in all EU institutions; "
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2021-0255_EN.html
歐洲議會第二彈:
"歐洲議會表示,香港蘋果日報被迫關閉、資產遭凍結、記者被逮捕,是中國當局「瓦解香港自由社會、剝奪當地媒體自由和言論自由」的又一步。決議案呼籲香港政府停止騷擾、恫嚇記者,釋放遭任意監禁者,並且摒棄任何箝制支持民主運動和民主運動者的企圖,力促中國政府廢除香港國安法,也鼓勵歐盟成員國對要為嚴重侵犯香港人權、國際法負有責任的個人、實體實施制裁。
決議呼籲歐盟執委會、歐洲理事會和歐盟國家,拒絕受邀派政府代表、外交官出席二○二二年北京冬奧,除非中國政府在香港、新疆維吾爾族人地區、西藏、內蒙以及中國其他地方的人權狀況,展現「可被驗證的改進」。"
歐盟議會第三彈:
“Parliament insists that any change to mainland China-Taiwan cross-strait relations must be neither unilateral nor against the will of Taiwanese citizens. It also issues a stark reminder of the direct connection between European prosperity and Asian security and of the consequences for Europe if a conflict were to expand beyond economic issues.”
歐洲議會官方代表團終於來訪啦~
"The delegation, led by French Member of the European Parliament Raphael Glucksmann, will discuss complex threats including disinformation and cyber attacks with Taiwan officials, the ministry added.
The three-day visit was organised by a European Parliament committee on foreign interference such as disinformation in democratic processes."
希望能實現~
"該決議的第三個部分最為務實,對歐盟提出強化對台經貿關係的具體建議。歐盟應以展開對台貿易談判、簽署自由貿易協定為最終目標。歐盟的汽車產業正面臨車用半導體晶片短缺的問題,而歐盟希望能夠發展本土的半導體製造能力,在 2030 年將產能從 9% 增加到 20%。由於台灣是世界上最先進的半導體製造公司的所在地,布魯塞爾希望吸引台積電投資歐盟,這一點沒有台灣的協助恐怕很難辦到。善學提到,事實上類似的聲音在美國出現多年,且獲得兩黨的支持,卻遲遲沒有進展,也許當前的局勢能夠促使布魯塞爾加快腳步。歐盟的最終目標是跟台灣談判並簽署自由貿易協定。"
https://www.pourquoi.tw/2021/11/08/intlnews-euaf-211101-211107-2/
多邊角力的複雜權衡:
"中方推動停戰的舉措,凸顯習近平不再試圖將中國塑造成中立國,而是尋求扮演更顯著的角色。隨著俄國幾乎派出所有地面部隊、戰事卻仍裹足不前,中方也更加重視自身在化解危機上所能發揮的作用。據了解,智庫「蘭德公司」上個月一份題為「如何避免長期戰爭」的政策報告,獲得許多中國外交政策權威重視,其中直接挑明,戰事愈拖延,俄國就愈可能與北大西洋公約組織(NATO)衝突。"
狐假虎威的前提是虎夠強大, 一旦虎威不再, 狐狸也無勢可假:
"Beijing’s new public stance is partly intended to counter growing distrust toward China in the Western world and the formation of geopolitical blocs around security and technology, the people said. China is also worried that Russia, a key partner in its increased competition with the West, could be significantly weakened if it were to face further significant setbacks or defeat in Ukraine."
接下來的維尼訪俄之行將會是歐美聯盟觀察重點:
"The Chinese arms trade is shrouded in secrecy, and it is unclear what weapons Russia might receive. China is a world leader in the production of weapons that have been used heavily in the Ukraine war, including long-range artillery systems, precision multiple rocket launchers, antitank and surface-to-surface missiles and small, tactical drones and loitering munitions."
目前看來, 老虎尚未打算賣狐狸面子, 可能在等狐狸頭親自出馬再賞臉吧:
"However, a fiery speech by Mr. Putin on Tuesday illustrated the stiff challenges to any Chinese peace initiative, which has already drawn skepticism from European countries due to the support Beijing has extended to Moscow since the start of the war. Mr. Putin also said Moscow would step back from New Start, the last remaining major nuclear-arms-control treaty between the U.S. and Russia."
對德籍官員發言不意外, 歐盟這尾魚就繼續混吧:
"美國、加拿大在維持「一中政策」之下與台灣洽簽經貿協定,但歐盟仍拒絕,顯然執委會官員更在乎與台灣關係深化會成為歐盟與中國恢復往來的變數。"
看來是歐中各自表述了:
"馬克宏和馮德萊恩另外與習近平舉行三邊會談,以及馮德萊恩、習近平雙邊會談。馮德萊恩會後表示,她警告中國領導人不要提供俄國武器,也提出台灣問題,表示「我們都同意台海穩定具有最高重要性,維持台海穩定、和平與現狀,對我們有非常明確的利益。因此,沒有人應片面以武力改變這個區域的現狀」,「使用或威脅使用武力改變現狀無法令人接受,透過對話解決可能發生的緊張很重要。」新華社報導,習近平表示台灣問題是中國「核心利益中的核心」,不要指望中國會妥協退讓。"
歐盟執委會的戰略立場總算比較清楚了:
"But we must also recognise that China's views on the “global security architecture” are not by default aligned with ours. This is clear when we look at the situation in the Indo-Pacific. China's assertive posture in Taiwan, the South and East China Seas affects not only our partners, such as the Philippines, but our own global interests. Our own supply chains and trade routes are at stake. And we have to be very frank on this, as a foundation for a constructive relationship."
https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/speech_23_5851
2023算是歐盟對中關係的轉折點吧?
"她說明去風險化戰略的三個支柱,一是防護歐盟的經濟利益,因此她開啟對中國電動車出口到歐洲的反傾銷調查;二是與中國對話、闡明雙方歧異,因此12月的高峰會她將以貿易公平為核心主題;三是分散布局到其他夥伴國家,因此歐盟的「全球門戶」(Global Gateway)計畫將使經濟夥伴關係的建立更具地緣政治性。
馮德萊恩「導正中國」另一重點則針對中國的外交和軍事姿態。她說中國正尋求一個以中國為中心且階級化的全球秩序,貶低國際規則,與歐盟的利益和價值相左。"
歐盟的轉向慢吞吞來到表態:
"報導說,該戰略草案闡明歐盟與相關國家合作的政策,以應對與不斷強化其霸權活動的中國升高緊張。該草案說,「台海危機加劇,明確顯示與夥伴國家共同合作的必要性,以遏阻現狀遭破壞,才能符合各方利益」。這是歐盟首度在公開的戰略文件中,明確表達將與夥伴國家合作,以因應台海爆發緊急事件。該文件說,「歐盟必須為緊張急遽上升的局面做好準備」。
這份草案由歐盟對外事務部(EEAS)在十二、十三日於瑞典斯德哥爾摩的歐盟外長會議中,向成員國分發。歐盟將在六月高峰會中採納該修正版戰略,做為廿七個成員國各自中國政策的基礎。"
台灣半導體業還是放生歐盟吧!
"俄烏戰爭爆發,中國沒有譴責俄羅斯,甚至宣稱雙方關係無上限,有 70% 以上的歐洲人也認為俄羅斯與中國是緊密夥伴關係。然而,歐洲人卻將俄羅斯與中國分開來看,相較有 49% 將近 5 成的人認為俄羅斯是風險,但只有 21% 認為中國是風險,風險利益參半為 35%,甚至有 28% 認為歐洲與中國的關係是「利益高於風險」。"
"根據歐盟統計局的數據,在 2022 年,中國是歐盟貨品的第三大出口國(9%)、第一大進口國(20.8%);而在歐盟會員國中,荷蘭進口最多中國貨品、德國對中國出口最多。"
歐盟現在成了想兼得熊掌的中國意圖抓住的魚:
"The prospect of the two great autocratic powers that dominate the Eurasian landmass moving closer together carries risks for Beijing. It would probably force European countries that now are hoping to maintain close commercial ties with China to move more decisively toward Washington, on which they depend for security. If that happened, geopolitical competition between the West (along with Asian democracies such as Japan and South Korea) and the Moscow-Beijing axis would solidify."
https://www.wsj.com/articles/russia-china-challenge-u-s-led-world-order-3563f41d?st=nrbr4gqzm5cgqxp&reflink=desktopwebshare_permalink