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Ineffectiveness of Alien Terms Interference in a Culture of Multilingual Counties arxiv.org/abs/2501.18605

Ineffectiveness of Alien Terms Interference in a Culture of Multilingual Counties

Language serves as a foundation of cultural identity, deeply entangled with the social and historical contexts of a community. This paper examines the ineffectiveness of interference by alien words within a culture. Drawing on sociolinguistic theories and case studies from diverse linguistic environments, it is argued that the forced introduction or adoption of foreign lexicon often fails to achieve its intended socio-cultural objectives. Instead, indigenous languages demonstrate resilience, adapting to or resisting external influences through unique strategies. The effectiveness of this research highlights the futility of attempting to impose linguistic uniformity and underscores the importance of understanding local cultural dynamics in preserving linguistic heritage. This pure language understanding directly relates to translation knowledge where linguists and translators need to work and research to eradicate misunderstanding. Misunderstandings mostly appear in non-equivalent words because there are different local and internal words like food, garment, cultural and traditional words, and others in every notion. Truly, most of these words do not have an equivalent in the target language and these words need to be worked and find their equivalent in the target language to fully understand both languages. The purpose of this research is to introduce the challenges and ineffectiveness of cultural influences in different notions where people do not see the facts of cultural enrichment. However, some of these ineffectiveness have been clearly mentioned in this research but some effective ways have also been dictated.

arXiv.org

Gender assignment in doctoral theses: revisiting Teseo with a method based on cultural consensus theory arxiv.org/abs/2501.18607

Gender assignment in doctoral theses: revisiting Teseo with a method based on cultural consensus theory

This study critically evaluates gender assignment methods within academic contexts, employing a comparative analysis of diverse techniques, including a SVM classifier, gender-guesser, genderize.io, and a Cultural Consensus Theory based classifier. Emphasizing the significance of transparency, data sources, and methodological considerations, the research introduces nomquamgender, a cultural consensus-based method, and applies it to Teseo, a Spanish dissertation database. The results reveal a substantial reduction in the number of individuals with unknown gender compared to traditional methods relying on INE data. The nuanced differences in gender distribution underscore the importance of methodological choices in gender studies, urging for transparent, comprehensive, and freely accessible methods to enhance the accuracy and reliability of gender assignment in academic research. After reevaluating the problem of gender imbalances in the doctoral system we can conclude that it's still evident although the trend is clearly set for its reduction. Finaly, specific problems related to some disciplines, including STEM fields and seniority roles are found to be worth of attention in the near future.

arXiv.org

Dilemmas and trade-offs in the diffusion of conventions arxiv.org/abs/2501.17300

Dilemmas and trade-offs in the diffusion of conventions

Outside ideal settings, conventions are shaped by heterogeneous competing processes that can challenge the emergence of universal norms. This paper identifies three trade-offs challenging the diffusion of conventions and explores each of them empirically using observational behavioral data. The first trade-off (I) concerns the imperatives of social, sequential, and contextual consistency that individuals must balance when choosing between competing conventions. The second trade-off (II) involves the balance between local and global coordination, depending on whether individuals coordinate their behavior via interactions throughout a social network or external factors transcending the network. The third trade-off (III) is the balance between decision optimality (e.g., collective satisfaction) and decision costs when collectives with conflicting preferences choose one convention. We develop a utilitarian account of conventions which we translate into a broadly applicable statistical physics framework for measuring each of these trade-offs. We then apply this framework to a sign convention in physics using textual and network data. Our analysis suggests that the purpose of conventions may exceed coordination, and that multiple infrastructures (including prior cultural traits and social networks) concurrently shape individual preferences towards conventions. Additionally, we confirm the role of seniority in resolving conflicting preferences in collaborations, resulting in suboptimal outcomes.

arXiv.org

Fabrication of ultra-smooth, high aspect ratio, sub-10 nanometer nanostructures arxiv.org/abs/2501.17352

Fabrication of ultra-smooth, high aspect ratio, sub-10 nanometer nanostructures

Deterministic and versatile approaches to sample preparation on nanoscopic scales are important in many fields including photonics, electronics, biology and material science. However, challenges exist in meeting many nanostructuring demands--particularly in emerging optical materials and component architectures. Here, we report a nanofabrication workflow that overcomes long-standing challenges in deterministic and top-down sample preparation procedures. The salient feature is a carbon mask with a low sputter yield that can be readily shaped using high resolution electron beam processing techniques. When combined with focused ion beam processing, the masking technique yields structures with ultra-smooth, near-vertical side walls. We target different material platforms to showcase the broad utility of the technique. As a first test case, we prepared nanometric gaps in evaporated Au. Gap widths of 7 plus/minus 2 nm, aspect ratios of 17, and line edge roughness values of 3sigma = 2.04 nm are achieved. Furthermore, the gap widths represent an order of magnitude improvement on system resolution limits. As a second test case, we designed and fabricated dielectric resonators in the ternary compounds MnPSe3 and NiPS3; a class of van der Waals material resistant to chemical etch approaches. Nanoantenna arrays with incrementally increasing diameter were fabricated in crystalline, exfoliated flakes. The optical response was measured by dark field spectroscopy and is in agreement with simulations. The workflow reported here leverages established techniques in material processing without the need for custom or specialized hardware. It is broadly applicable to functional materials and devices, and extends high speed focused ion beam milling to true sub-10 nm length scales.

arXiv.org

A Flow-Based Hybrid Approach for Kinetic Plasma Simulations: Bridging Direct Vlasov and Particle Methods arxiv.org/abs/2501.16390

A Flow-Based Hybrid Approach for Kinetic Plasma Simulations: Bridging Direct Vlasov and Particle Methods

We present a novel flow-based kinetic approach, inspired by continuous normalizing flows, for plasma simulation that unifies the complementary strengths of direct Vlasov solvers and particle-based methods. By tracking the distribution function along the characteristic curves defined by the Newton--Lorentz equations, our method directly computes f(z(t)) at selected points in phase space without reliance on Monte Carlo sampling. We employ a scatter-point integration scheme using smoothing kernels reminiscent of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), to calculate field quantities and moments, achieving higher accuracy with far fewer markers compared to Particle-in-Cell (PIC) methods. Unlike PIC, our approach supports strategic marker placement and dynamic refinement in regions of interest, thus reducing sampling noise and computational overhead. This capability is particularly advantageous in high-density plasmas, where PIC's particle requirements can be prohibitive. In addition, the method naturally accommodates collisional effects via an augmented phase-space flow description ensuring robust handling of both collisionless and collisional plasmas. Our simulations of Landau damping, two-stream instability, and collisional relaxation demonstrate reduced noise, accurate phase-space resolution with significantly fewer markers, and robust energy conservation. Moreover, the independent characteristic curves and local scatter integration are highly amenable to GPU acceleration, enabling efficient large-scale simulations. Overall, this flow-based framework offers a powerful, flexible, and computationally efficient alternative to traditional particle methods for kinetic plasma dynamics, with potential applications spanning inertial confinement, Zpinch, and other complex kinetic systems.

arXiv.org

Dangerous dust clouds above lunar surface arxiv.org/abs/2501.16402

Dangerous dust clouds above lunar surface

Time-limited space missions may miss rare occurrences of very dense clouds of lunar dust. At the same time, the information provided by the Earth-based monitoring of the Moon during at least the last three centuries still remains unused. In the present study, we fill this data analysis gap. The survey of historical reports of the 18-19 centuries about supposed lunar atmosphere manifestations, as well as the available data on too long-lasting stellar occultations by the lunar limb, enable us revealing numerous evidences of the lunar dust phenomena. By modeling of the conditions of such observations, we determine the geometrical parameters of the dust clouds, which scattered the sunlight during the particular events. Using this information, as well as the Mie scattering theory, we estimate the concentration of dust and its damaging effect at different orbits of a possible spacecraft. It was found that the some observed dust clouds of sub-micron grains could crash a space-vehicle at the low (<10 km) altitudes, similar to the incidents with landers Vikram, Beresheet, Hakuto-R M1, Luna-25, etc. The statistics of dust clouds' appearance enabled a reconstruction of a typical shape of a local dust cloud which resembles the shape of an impact plume. This, together with the revealed seasonal periodicity of observational manifestations of the dust phenomena, confirms a hypothesis on the meteoroid impact nature of the majority of the circumlunar dust clouds. At the same time, the discovered additional periodicity of the dust cloud appearance at half of synodic lunar month argue for an additional non-impact source of the circumlunar dust, connected with the lunar outgassing events, controlled by the solar tidal effects, completely unstudied. Moreover, the tendency of dust clouds to be observed during the low-level solar activity raises a question on possible dust pick up by the solar wind flow.

arXiv.org

Endogenous transformation of land transport in Europe for different climate targets arxiv.org/abs/2501.16460

Endogenous transformation of land transport in Europe for different climate targets

Road transport is responsible for about a quarter of Europe's greenhouse gas emissions, making its transformation a crucial part of Europe's overall decarbonization goals. Current European policies promote decarbonizing the transport sector and passenger car sales show an increased adoption of electric vehicles. Full electrification of land transport will significantly increase the average electricity demand but the use of smart charging and vehicle-to-grid could provide additional flexibility to balance wind and solar generation. In this study, we find cost-optimal transition pathways of the European land transport sector embedded in the sector-coupled open energy model PyPSA-Eur. We consider fossil-fueled, hydrogen-fueled, and electric cars using a 3-hour time resolution for a full year and covering 33 interconnected European countries. We analyze a transition path from 2025 to 2050 under different carbon budgets corresponding to a 1.7°C and 2°C temperature increase. Our results show that rapid electrification of road transport reduces the total system cost, even in the absence of climate targets. We see a clear preference for rapidly decommissioning internal combustion engine vehicles and using electric vehicles in all countries and under all carbon budgets. Allowing smart charging of electric vehicles decreases the total system cost by 1.6% because it reduces the need to install stationary batteries by almost 40%.

arXiv.org
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