Instabilities and bifurcations in turbulent porous media flow arxiv.org/abs/2504.01111

Instabilities and bifurcations in turbulent porous media flow

Microscale turbulent flow in porous media is conducive to the development of flow instabilities due to strong vortical and shearing flow occurring within the pore space. When the flow instabilities around individual solid obstacles interact with numerous others within the porous medium, unique symmetry-breaking phenomena emerge as a result. This paper focuses on investigations of the vortex dynamics and flow instabilities behind solid obstacles in porous media, emphasizing how solid obstacle geometry and porosity influence both microscale and macroscale flow behavior. Two distinct symmetry-breaking mechanisms were identified in different porosity ranges. In low porosity media (< 0.8), a "deviatory flow" phenomenon occurs, where the macroscale flow deviates from the direction of applied pressure gradient at Reynolds numbers above 500. Deviatory flow is a source of macroscale Reynolds stress anisotropy, which is counterbalanced by a diminished vortex core size. In the intermediate porosity regime (0.8-0.95), a "jetting flow" mechanism creates asymmetric microscale velocity channels in the pore space through temporally biased vortex shedding, occurring during the transition to turbulence. Both symmetry-breaking phenomena are critically influenced by solid obstacle shape, porosity, and Reynolds number. Circularity of solid obstacle geometry and an adequately high Reynolds number provide critical conditions for symmetry-breaking, whereas porosity can be used to parametrize the degree of symmetry-breaking. This paper provides fundamental insights into the intricate flow dynamics in porous media, offering a comprehensive understanding of how microscale vortex interactions generate macroscale flow asymmetries across different geometric configurations.

arXiv.org

Soft X-ray high-harmonic generation in an anti-resonant hollow core fiber driven by a 3 $\mu$m ultrafast laser arxiv.org/abs/2504.01112

Soft X-ray high-harmonic generation in an anti-resonant hollow core fiber driven by a 3 $μ$m ultrafast laser

High-harmonic upconversion driven by a mid-infrared femtosecond laser can generate coherent soft X-ray beams in a tabletop-scale setup. Here, we report on a compact ytterbium-pumped optical parametric chirped pulse amplifier (OPCPA) laser system seeded by an all-fiber front-end and employing periodically-poled lithium niobate (PPLN) nonlinear media operated near the pulse fluence limits of current commercially available PPLN crystals. The OPCPA delivers 3 $μ$m wavelength pulses with 775 $μ$J energy at 1 kHz repetition rate, with transform-limited 120 fs pulse duration, diffraction-limited beam quality, and ultrahigh 0.33% rms energy stability over >18 hours. Using this laser, we generate soft X-ray high harmonics (HHG) in argon gas by focusing into a low-loss, high-pressure gas-filled anti-resonant hollow core fiber (ARHCF), generating coherent light at photon energies up to the argon L-edge (250 eV) and carbon K-edge (284 eV), with high beam quality and ~1% rms energy stability. This work demonstrates soft X-ray HHG in a high-efficiency guided-wave phase matched geometry, overcoming the high losses inherent to mid-IR propagation in unstructured waveguides, or the short interaction lengths of gas cells or jets. The ARHCF can operate long term without damage, and with the repetition rate, stability and robustness required for demanding applications in spectro-microscopy and imaging. Finally, we discuss routes for maximizing the soft X-ray HHG flux by driving He at higher laser intensities using either 1.5 $μ$m or 3 $μ$m - the signal and idler wavelengths of the laser.

arXiv.org

Exploring the design space of machine-learning models for quantum chemistry with a fully differentiable framework arxiv.org/abs/2504.01187

Exploring the design space of machine-learning models for quantum chemistry with a fully differentiable framework

Traditional atomistic machine learning (ML) models serve as surrogates for quantum mechanical (QM) properties, predicting quantities such as dipole moments and polarizabilities, directly from compositions and geometries of atomic configurations. With the emergence of ML approaches to predict the "ingredients" of a QM calculation, such as the ground state charge density or the effective single-particle Hamiltonian, it has become possible to obtain multiple properties through analytical physics-based operations on these intermediate ML predictions. We present a framework to seamlessly integrate the prediction of an effective electronic Hamiltonian, for both molecular and condensed-phase systems, with PySCFAD, a differentiable QM workflow that facilitates its indirect training against functions of the Hamiltonian, such as electronic energy levels, dipole moments, polarizability, etc. We then use this framework to explore various possible choices within the design space of hybrid ML/QM models, examining the influence of incorporating multiple targets on model performance and learning a reduced-basis ML Hamiltonian that can reproduce targets computed from a much larger basis. Our benchmarks evaluate the accuracy and transferability of these hybrid models, compare them against predictions of atomic properties from their surrogate models, and provide indications to guide the design of the interface between the ML and QM components of the model.

arXiv.org

Towards Sign Distance Function based Metamaterial Design: Neural Operator Transformer for Forward Prediction and Diffusion Models for Inverse Design arxiv.org/abs/2504.01195

Towards Sign Distance Function based Metamaterial Design: Neural Operator Transformer for Forward Prediction and Diffusion Models for Inverse Design

The inverse design of metamaterial architectures presents a significant challenge, particularly for nonlinear mechanical properties involving large deformations, buckling, contact, and plasticity. Traditional methods, such as gradient-based optimization, and recent generative deep-learning approaches often rely on binary pixel-based representations, which introduce jagged edges that hinder finite element (FE) simulations and 3D printing. To overcome these challenges, we propose an inverse design framework that utilizes a signed distance function (SDF) representation combined with a conditional diffusion model. The SDF provides a smooth boundary representation, eliminating the need for post-processing and ensuring compatibility with FE simulations and manufacturing methods. A classifier-free guided diffusion model is trained to generate SDFs conditioned on target macroscopic stress-strain curves, enabling efficient one-shot design synthesis. To assess the mechanical response of the generated designs, we introduce a forward prediction model based on Neural Operator Transformers (NOT), which accurately predicts homogenized stress-strain curves and local solution fields for arbitrary geometries with irregular query meshes. This approach enables a closed-loop process for general metamaterial design, offering a pathway for the development of advanced functional materials.

arXiv.org

Experimental analysis of the role of base blowing geometry on three-dimensional blunt body wakes arxiv.org/abs/2504.01231

Experimental analysis of the role of base blowing geometry on three-dimensional blunt body wakes

This experimental study aims to investigate the effect of different base blowing configurations on the aerodynamics of a squareback Ahmed body. Four different slot configurations through which air is injected were studied. Each configuration had the same blowing area, equivalent to 10$\%$ of the base area of the body, and was designated according to its geometric shape: square (S), vertical (V), cross (C) and horizontal (H). The same range of injected flow rates, $C_{q}$, was tested for each slot geometry at a Reynolds number $Re$= 65000, with corresponding wind tunnel measurements. Our experiments revealed the effect of blowing on the near wake and consequently on the base pressure and drag of the Ahmed body. In particular, the geometry of the slots was shown to be a crucial factor in influencing aerodynamics, especially at blowing flow rates close to $C_{q,opt}$, which is the blowing flow rate that provides the minimum drag coefficient. The centered square slot (S) is the configuration that achieves a greater drag reduction. This behavior is attributed to an elongation in the recirculation region behind the Ahmed body, a reduction in the backflow inside the recirculation bubble, and a decrease in the wake asymmetry associated with the Reflexional Symmetry Breaking (RSB) mode. Conversely, the vertically oriented slot geometries, such as the cross (C) and the vertical (V) configurations, showed limited drag reduction capability while maintaining or even intensifying the wake asymmetry. The horizontal (H) slot represented an intermediate case, mitigating the wake asymmetry to a large extent, but proving to be less effective in reducing the drag than the square case. The hierarchy of the blowing configurations was dictated by the modifications induced in the near wake behind the Ahmed body, which influenced the asymmetry of the wake and the filling/emptying of the recirculation region.

arXiv.org

The Quantum Memory Matrix: A Unified Framework for the Black Hole Information Paradox arxiv.org/abs/2504.00039

The Quantum Memory Matrix: A Unified Framework for the Black Hole Information Paradox

We present the Quantum Memory Matrix (QMM) hypothesis, which addresses the longstanding Black Hole Information Paradox rooted in the apparent conflict between Quantum Mechanics (QM) and General Relativity (GR). This paradox raises the question of how information is preserved during black hole formation and evaporation, given that Hawking radiation appears to result in information loss, challenging unitarity in quantum mechanics. The QMM hypothesis proposes that space-time itself acts as a dynamic quantum information reservoir, with quantum imprints encoding information about quantum states and interactions directly into the fabric of space-time at the Planck scale. By defining a quantized model of space-time and mechanisms for information encoding and retrieval, QMM aims to conserve information in a manner consistent with unitarity during black hole processes. We develop a mathematical framework that includes space-time quantization, definitions of quantum imprints, and interactions that modify quantum state evolution within this structure. Explicit expressions for the interaction Hamiltonians are provided, demonstrating unitarity preservation in the combined system of quantum fields and the QMM. This hypothesis is compared with existing theories, including the holographic principle, black hole complementarity, and loop quantum gravity, noting its distinctions and examining its limitations. Finally, we discuss observable implications of QMM, suggesting pathways for experimental evaluation, such as potential deviations from thermality in Hawking radiation and their effects on gravitational wave signals. The QMM hypothesis aims to provide a pathway towards resolving the Black Hole Information Paradox while contributing to broader discussions in quantum gravity and cosmology.

arXiv.org

Demonstration of domain wall current in MgO-doped lithium niobate single crystals up to 400 {\deg}C arxiv.org/abs/2504.00143

Demonstration of domain wall current in MgO-doped lithium niobate single crystals up to 400 °C

Conductive ferroelectric domain walls (DWs) represent a promising topical system for the development of nanoelectronic components and device sensors to be operational at elevated temperatures. DWs show very different properties as compared to their hosting bulk crystal, in particular with respect to the high local electrical conductivity. The objective of this work is to demonstrate DW conductivity up to temperatures as high as 400 °C which extends previous studies significantly. Experimental investigation of the DW conductivity of charged, inclined DWs is performed using 5 mol% MgO-doped lithium niobate single crystals. Currentvoltage (IV) sweeps as recorded over repeated heating cycles reveal two distinct thermal activation energies for a given DW, with the higher of the activation energies only measured at higher temperatures. Depending on the specific sample, the higher activation energy is found above 160 °C to 230 °C. This suggests, in turn, that more than one type of defect/polaron is involved, and that the dominant transport mechanism changes with increasing temperature. First principles atomistic modelling suggests that the conductivity of inclined domain walls cannot be solely explained by the formation of a 2D carrier gas and must be supported by hopping processes. This holds true even at temperatures as high as 400 °C. Our investigations underline the potential to extend DW current based nanoelectronic and sensor applications even into the so-far unexplored temperature range up to 400 °C.

arXiv.org

Determining the acoustoelastic effect of longitudinal waves propagating inclined to principal stress directions in concrete: theory and experimental validation arxiv.org/abs/2504.00145

Determining the acoustoelastic effect of longitudinal waves propagating inclined to principal stress directions in concrete: theory and experimental validation

The concept of acoustoelasticity pertains to changes in elastic wave velocity within a medium when subjected to initial stresses. However, existing acoustoelastic expressions are predominantly developed for waves propagating parallel or perpendicular to the principal stress directions, where no shear stresses are involved. In our previous publication, we demonstrated that the impact of shear stresses on longitudinal wave velocity in concrete, when body waves propagate in the shear deformation plane, is negligible. This finding allows us to revise the acoustoelastic expression for longitudinal waves propagating inclined to the principal stress directions in stressed concrete. The revised expression reveals that the acoustoelastic effect for such longitudinal waves can be expressed using acoustoelastic parameters derived from waves propagating parallel and perpendicular to the uniaxial principal stress direction. To validate our theoretical statement, experiments were conducted on a concrete cylinder subjected to uniaxial stress. Despite slight fluctuations in the experimental observations, the overall trend of acoustoelastic effects for inclined propagating longitudinal waves aligns with the theory. This proposed theory holds potential for monitoring changes in the magnitudes and directions of principal stresses in the plane stress state.

arXiv.org

Orientation of Entrance and Burial Chamber in the Pyramids of the Egyptian Fourth and Fifth Dynasties arxiv.org/abs/2503.22682

Orientation of Entrance and Burial Chamber in the Pyramids of the Egyptian Fourth and Fifth Dynasties

In a recent work, arxiv:2412.20407, we have mentioned two Egyptian kings, Shepseskaf and Userkaf, of the IV and V Dynasties. Here we continue discussing their burial places, that is their pyramids, in a new framework based on the study of orientation of pyramid substructures (entrances, corridors, burial chambers). Shepseskaf and Userkaf opted for the same architectonic solutions, exhibiting a continuity in funerary architecture. After showing the substructure orientations of the pyramids of the IV and V Dynasties, we will stress that the substructure in the Shepseskaf's pyramid, the Mastabat Fara'un, is oriented as in the Fourth Dynasty architecture of pyramids and that it has a layout which is closer to that used by the following Fifth Dynasty. In our discussion, we will start with the first ruler of the Fourth Dynasty, Snefru, who introduced a new form of external and internal layout of the burial complexes of the king, through an evolution based on four attempts, the Seila, Meidum, Bent and Red pyramids. In the final model, the Snefru's Red pyramid, the substructure has a north entrance and a burial chamber east-west oriented. This orientation persisted in the pyramids of the Fourth and Fifth Dynasties, and beyond. The Sekhemkhet (Djoserty) pyramid of the Third Dynasty is also illustrated for comparison, such as some earlier burial monuments. In the discussion here proposed the position of sarcophagus and of the body inside it is also investigated. The sarcophagus has its axis north-south. The body of the deceased king was lying on its left side, extended, head to the north, face towards the east. In this framework, we propose again what we told in arXiv 2016, arxiv:1604.05963, and the layout of pyramids with respect to sunrise on solstices.

arXiv.org
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