eSagan 🇮🇳 @crackurbones@qoto.org
Joined Nov 2019
🇷🇼 The 'Killer Lake' Powering #Rwanda
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TtZs40rsqdc
Meghalaya, #India
Just in case you're not aware of: Meghalayan Age, named after #Meghalaya, is the latest age or uppermost stage of the Quaternary. It is also the upper, or latest, of three subdivisions of the #HoloceneEpoch.
#Geology 🌋 🌏 #Holocene #MeghalayanAge #Meghalayan
https://earthsky.org/earth/new-name-present-times-era-meghalayan
🧠 The dura mater, tough mother, is the most outer layer of the meninges, and inside of that layer is the #aractnoid. And the arachnoid is the filmy-like substance and it covers the entire surface of the brain. It doesn't invaginate with every hill and valley of the brain.
Pia, the final layer of the meninges, is too fine to be seen.
🧠 The dura is separated from the brain by a layer of fluid, and what that does is that it circles the brain and it in-cases the brain in this bag of fluid. So that, as the brain moves around, it's cushioned -- it can't bang against the skull because it's cushioned by the fluid.
🧠 In the #cranium, the dura is right up against the skull; there's no separation. They can't be separated, except if there's a bleed. And that is a very dangerous situation, that's a medical emergency.
If there's a bleed between the skull and dura. If there's some injury and blood gets in there that's a medical emergency.
🧠 In contrast to the situation in the cranium, where the dura is right up against the bone, the dura in the spinal cord is not up against the #VertibralColumn. So there's a lot of space. It's not up against the bone. And therefore, you can imagine that increasing pressure in the cranium is a much bigger deal.
🧠 If the dura is tough, the dural folds are doubly tough, because they are actually double, double folds -- folds made of two layers of dura.
🧠 There's a fold called the Falx Cerebri, and it goes between the two parts of the brain, between the two hemispheres.
Tentorium is the dural fold that goes between the cerebrum and the cerebellum.
🧠 The most important point of these folds, or one of the benefits of these folds, is that they separate problems, pressure problems, into three compartments.
🖼️ Image source: https://in.pinterest.com/pin/191614159128229061/?lp=true
🌌 Stars over #Hundar Village(White Sand Dunes ).Hundar is a village in the #Leh district of #Ladakh, #India famous for Sand dune, #BactrianCamel | Equipment - Nikon D810A + 20mm f1.8 | 1600 x 1198
The spinal cord and the brain make up the central nervous system.
Foramen magnum is the hole where the spinal cord comes up, and it joins and continues with the brain.
Image source: https://images.app.goo.gl/77CdugW1ym8Mun6i9
#PinealTumor: A pineal tumor is a tumor that forms in the pineal gland . The gland is a tiny gland in the middle of your head. It's surrounded by your brain. It makes a hormone called melatonin that affects your sleep-wake cycles. Pineal tumors are very rare tumors. They happen most often to children and to adults younger than 40.
https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/p/pineal-tumor.html
#HypothalamicTumor: The exact cause of hypothalamic tumors is not known. It is likely that they result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
In children, most hypothalamic tumors are gliomas. Gliomas are a common type of brain tumor that results from the abnormal growth of glial cells, which support nerve cells. Gliomas can occur at any age. They are often more aggressive in adults than in children.
http://pennstatehershey.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=001211
🔸 One source of brain tumors is metastasis -- which are spreads from other tumors, so for instance, lung tumors.
🔸 The brain tumors are a problem because they exist within the cranium, and the cranium is a fixed, bony container. It can't expand. And as a tumor expands, the cranium is not going to expand. It's going to increase the pressure and we're going to have a problem.
🔸 Neurons don't make tumors because they don't divide at all, and they don't get into this uncontrolled division. So what makes tumors? Well, it's other cell types within the brain. And the primary one that does this are #GlialCells.
🔸 Glial cells don't have the limits on division that neurons do. So, glial cells can divide and make these tumors. And so, #gliomas, tumors of glial cells, are the most common type of brain tumor.
🔸 Another type of brain tumor is the type that comes from a division of meningeal cells, and these are called #meningiomas.
🔸 And finally, the other major type of brain tumor is are tumors that come from glandular cells.
🔸 These glandular cells are not neurons. They're gland cells, and they can divide without control. The other gland that we have in our head is called the pituitary, and these pituitary cells can also divide and that's called 'pituitary adenomas'. These #PituitaryAdenoma's are fairly common. They account for about 10 to 25% of inter-cranial tumors.
🖼️ Image source: https://images.app.goo.gl/hfXZKhrd7ahacDsx9
#WhatsApp is so popular in #Africa, even knock-off versions are used more often than Facebook https://qz.com/africa/1804859/
GB WhatsApp, the most widely used WhatsApp mod across major African markets, allows users operate multiple accounts, restore deleted messages and send and receive larger media files (up to 50 megabytes compared to 16 megabytes on WhatsApp). #GBWhatsApp also offers users more control of privacy settings, including hiding features that notify others when users are online, recording a voice-note or typing a message.
Dettol Products Work Against Novel Coronavirus? Here’s The Truth https://in.news.yahoo.com/dettol-products-against-novel-coronavirus-054134907.html?soc_src=hl-viewer&soc_trk=tw
While responding to a user on Twitter, Reckitt Benckiser Group (RB), the manufacturers of Dettol products, clarified that the ‘product is effective against other coronaviruses (MERS-CoV and SARSCoV)‘ but they don’t have access to a sample of the novel coronavirus to make any such claim.
Indira Gandhi, Amrit Kaur named by TIME among '100 Women of the Year' https://in.news.yahoo.com/indira-gandhi-amrit-kaur-named-150115211.html?soc_src=social-sh&soc_trk=tw
After India got independence in 1947, Kaur became the first woman to join the Cabinet, serving as Health Minister for 10 years. In that position, she founded the Indian Council for Child Welfare; helped establish the country’s top hospital and medical college; and campaigned to prevent malaria, likely saving hundreds of thousands of lives, the TIME profile said.
🔸 The #meninges form a very effective barrier against toxins, viruses, against all sorts of damage, so that the peripheral nervous system tends to be far more vulnerable than the central nervous system.
🔸 In addition, the two regions have very different capacities for repair.
🔸 If you cut an axon in the peripheral nervous system, it can repair itself -- It will reconnect. If there's a traumatic injury to the central nervous system, the same does not happen. So, the ability to repair is far, far greater in the periphery than in the central nervous system.
🔸 A large molecule called botulinum toxin, which comes from spoiled food, can get in and it primarily will affect the peripheral; it will only affect the peripheral neurons. It will not get past the meninges.
🔸 #PolioVirus actually gets in right at the synapse between the motor neuron and the voluntary muscle, and it goes back. It travels back and it does a clever thing -- It gets through the meninges, but it gets through the meninges by getting in through an axon of a motor neuron. And what does it do then? For thanks, it actually kills this motor neuron. So now, that motor neuron is going to die.
🔸 Let's look at another virus: herpes zoster.
Herpes zoster is a virus that produces, what's commonly called as, #shingles. And in herpes zoster, the virus gets into the dendrites of sensory neurons, and it gets transported back inside the axon in these sensory neurons, and then it goes and lives in synaptic terminals. And if all is great, it lives in there and then it never talks again.
🔸 But, under some circumstances, the virus can decide to reproduce and blossom, and it will make copies of itself so that it actually sends it back out. And what you get is a virus all throughout the sensory territory and what you get is a rash.
#Isro postpones launch of geo-imaging satellite Gisat-1 due to technical reasons
https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-postpones-launch-satellite-gisat1-technical-gslv-f10-1652399-2020-03-04
Human brains have ‘time cells’ that let us recall when events happened | New Scientist
https://www.newscientist.com/article/2236167-human-brains-have-time-cells-that-let-us-recall-when-events-happened/
Is time broken? Physicists filmed a quantum measurement but the 'moment' was blurry
https://thenextweb.com/insights/2020/03/03/is-time-broken-physicists-filmed-a-quantum-measurement-but-the-moment-was-blurry/
@freemo No matter what people discuss about Qoto on other instances, know that this is the friendliest instance I have been on with the coolest moderator. You're doing a great work, Dr. Freemo.
"Great minds discuss ideas; small minds discuss about other instances' policies."
🔸 There's a barrier, a fence that is the demarcation between central and peripheral nervous-systems. And that fence is made up of three membranes, and those three membranes are the 'meninges'.
🔸 There are three meningeal layers, and the three layers go from very weak, very tender, the pia, to very tough, the dura and, in between, there's a spidery thing called the arachnoid.
🔸 The only neurons that leave the central nervous system are the neurons that serve a motor function.
They actually go out the meninges and they go into the periphery. In the periphery, there's the peripheral nervous system, and there's also the rest of the body.
🖼️ Image Source: https://www.thoughtco.com/brain-anatomy-meninges-4018883
🔴 Demyelinating Diseases
🔸 The #glialcells that make the myelin are of different types that make it (myelin) in the central nervous system and in the peripheral nervous system. And because of that, people who get a demyelinating disease, get it either in the central nervous system or in the peripheral nervous system -- but not in both.
🔸 So the problem is either in the #oligodendrocytes (and the interaction between the oligodendrocytes and the axon) -- in which case you get a central demyelinating disease, and the most common by far is multiple #sclerosis -- or there's a problem in the #SchwannCell and its connection to the axon, and in that case you can get a variety.
🔸 There are a diverse group of hereditary neuropathies called Charcot-Marie Tooth, which are #DemyelinatingDiseases. They're inherited and they typically progress and become worse with time.
🔸 There's also an acute demyelinating disease called Guillain–Barré, which typically has a very quick onset, it's inflammatory, and luckily it goes away after a while.
#IITMadras Develops AI Powered Drone Which Can Hack Into Rogue Drones And Forcibly Land Them https://swarajyamag.com/insta/iit-madras-develops-ai-powered-drone-which-can-hack-into-rogue-drones-and-forcibly-land-them
#India #AI
Consciousness Isn’t Self-Centered
https://www.3quarksdaily.com/3quarksdaily/2020/03/consciousness-isnt-self-centered.html
Joined Nov 2019
