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Abdul Hayee (8 March 1921 – 25 October 1980), popularly known by his pen name (takhallus) Sahir Ludhianvi, was an Indian poet and film song lyricist who wrote primarily in Urdu in addition to Hindi.[1] He is regarded one of the greatest and revolutionary film lyricist and poet of the 20th century India.[2]
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahir_
The Progressive Writers' Association or the Progressive Writers' Movement of India or Anjuman Tarraqi Pasand Mussanafin-e-Hind (Urdu: انجمن ترقی پسند مصنفینِ ہند) or Akhil Bhartiya Pragatishil Lekhak Sangh (Hindi: अखिल भारतीय प्रगतिशील लेखक संघ) was a progressive literary movement in pre-partition British India. Some branches of this writers' group existed around the world besides in India and Pakistan.[1]

These groups were anti-imperialistic and left-oriented, and sought to inspire people through their writings advocating equality among all humans and attacking social injustice and backwardness in the society.[2]
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progre
Salma Siddiqui (18 June 1931 – 13 February 2017) was an Indian novelist in the Urdu language and a prominent member of the Progressive Writers' Movement.
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salma_

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Amrita Pritam - Wikipedia
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrita
Pritam is best remembered for her poignant poem, Ajj aakhaan Waris Shah nu (Today I invoke Waris Shah – "Ode to Waris Shah"), an elegy to the 18th-century Punjabi poet, an expression of her anguish over massacres during the partition of India. As a novelist, her most noted work was Pinjar ("The Skeleton", 1950), in which she created her memorable character, Puro, an epitome of violence against women, loss of humanity and ultimate surrender to existential fate; the novel was made into an award-winning film, Pinjar (2003).[4][5]

In 1935, Amrita married Pritam Singh, son of a hosiery merchant of Lahore's Anarkali bazaar.[citation needed] They had two children together, a son and a daughter. In 1960, Amrita Pritam left her husband.[citation needed] She is also said to have had an unrequited affection for poet Sahir Ludhianvi.[22]

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trees in india
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Trees of India
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Inside the Golconda Fort in Hyderabad, India, is a baobab tree estimated to be 430 years old. It is the largest baobab outside of Africa.[53]
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The Arctic Home in the Vedas - Wikipedia
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ar
Tilak's ideas influenced Soviet Indologist Natalia R. Guseva[4] and Soviet ethnographer S.V Zharnikova,[5] who argued for a northern Urals Arctic homeland of the Indo-Aryan and Slavic people;[6] their ideas were popularized by Russian nationalists.[7]

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6000 years old Writing Proof found in India
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Egypt: Roman-era Buddha statue discovered, depicts ancient India-Egypt trade ties | WION
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В Индии построят третий детектор LIGO
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Indian diaspora - Wikipedia
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian
Han Chinese men, Hindu men, Armenian men, Jewish men and Russian men were married by Uyghur Muslim women who could not find husbands.[45] Uyghur merchants would harass Hindu usurers by screaming at them asking them if they ate beef or hanging cow skins on their quarters. Uyghur men also rioted and attacked Hindus for marrying Uyghur women in 1907 in Poskam and Yarkand like Ditta Ram calling for their beheading and stoning Indians to death as they engaged in anti-Hindu violence.[46] Hindu Indian usurers engaging in a religious procession led to violence against them by Muslim Uyghurs.[47] In 1896 two Uyghur Turkis attacked a Hindu merchant and the British consul Macartney demanded the Uyghurs be punished by flogging.[48]

The money lenders and merchants of Hindu background from British India in Xinjiang were guaranteed by the British Consul-General.[49][50] Russian refugees, missionaries, and British-Indian merchants and money lenders of Hindu background were potential targets of gangs of Kashgaris so the Consulate-General of Britain was a potential shelter.[51][52] The killings of two Hindus at the hands of Uighurs took place in the Shamba Bazaar[53] in a most brutal fashion.[54][55][56] The plundering of the valuables of slaughtered British Indian Hindus happened in Posgam on 25 March 1933, and on the previous day in Karghalik at the hands of Uighurs.[57] Killings of Hindus took place in Khotan at the hands of the Bughra Amirs.[58] Antagonism against both the British and Hindus ran high among the Muslim Turki Uyghur rebels in Xinjiang's southern area. Muslims plundered the possessions in Karghalik of Rai Sahib Dip Chand, who was the aksakal of Britain, and his fellow Hindus on 24 March 1933, and in Keryia they slaughtered British Indian Hindus.[59] Sind's Shikarpur district was the origin of the Hindu diaspora there. The slaughter of the Hindus from British India was called the "Karghalik Outrage". The Muslims had killed nine of them.[60] The forced removal of the Swedes was accompanied by the slaughter of the Hindus in Khotan by the Islamic Turkic rebels.[61] The Emirs of Khotan slaughtered the Hindus as they forced the Swedes out and declared sharia in Khotan on 16 March 1933.[62]

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Ottoman–Hotaki War (1726–1727) - Wikipedia
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoma
The great majority of Iranians still rejected the Afghan regime as usurping since the day they invaded.[10][page needed] The dynasty lived under great turmoil due to bloody succession feuds and resultant waves of internal revolts that made their hold on power tenuous and exhausted the strength of the Isfahan-based central government. That paved way for the rise of the Iranian military general Nader Shah and subsequently the continued wars of the Persian Empire with their Ottoman arch rivals.

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Indian diaspora - Wikipedia
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian
Hindu merchants in Hamadan were massacred by Ottomans as stated by an Armenian, with the Indian merchant community plummeting due to the Ottoman and Afghan wars in Iran (1722–27).[34] In Kerman, traders of Hindu background had a caravanserai.[35] Traders of Indian background were mentioned by Jean Chardin, Jean de Thévenot, Adam Olearius and F. A. Kotov in the Safavid dynasty in Persia where they lived along with Jews and Armenians. Traders from India of Sikh and Hindu background lived in the Qajar and Zand dynasties in Persia after a clampdown by Nader Shah and the Afghan Ghilzar wars in Iran.[36]

Anna Karenina principle - Wikipedia
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_K
The Anna Karenina principle states that a deficiency in any one of a number of factors dooms an endeavor to failure. Consequently, a successful endeavor (subject to this principle) is one for which every possible deficiency has been avoided.

The name of the principle derives from Leo Tolstoy's 1877 novel Anna Karenina, which begins:

All happy families are alike; each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.

In other words: happy families share a common set of attributes which lead to happiness, while any of a variety of attributes can cause an unhappy family. This concept has been generalized to apply to several fields of study.

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Arabic literature - Wikipedia
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic
The earliest prominent female writer of the modern period during which the Arab cultural renaissance (Al-Nahda) took place is Táhirih (1820–52), from what is now Iran. She wrote fine Arabic and Persian poetry.

Táhirih - Wikipedia
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A
Táhirih (Ṭāhira) (Persian: طاهره, "The Pure One," also called Qurrat al-ʿAyn (Arabic: قرة العين "Solace/Consolation of the Eyes") are both titles of Fatimah Baraghani/Umm-i Salmih[1][2] (1814 or 1817 – August 16–27, 1852), an influential poet, women's rights activist and theologian of the Bábí faith in Iran.[3][4] She was one of the Letters of the Living, the first group of followers of the Báb. Her life, influence and execution made her a key figure of the religion. The daughter of Muhammad Salih Baraghani, she was born into one of the most prominent families of her time.[5][6][7] Táhirih led a radical interpretation[8] that, though it split the Babi community, wedded messianism with Bábism.[9][10]

Bábism - Wikipedia
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A
Bábism (a.k.a. the Bábí Faith; Persian: بابیه, romanized: Babiyye) is a religion founded in 1844 by the Báb (b. ʻAli Muhammad), an Iranian merchant turned prophet who taught that there is one incomprehensible God who manifests his will in an unending series of Manifestations of God. It has persisted into the modern era in the form of the Baháʼí Faith, to which the majority of Bábís eventually converted.[1] His ministry was turbulent and short lived, ending with his public execution in Tabriz, and a campaign of extermination that killed thousands of followers in what might be the bloodiest actions of the Iranian military in the 19th century.[2]

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