The students got the answer right on the test. This should not be confused with "they know the answer:' there are lots of alternative explanations for correct answers
"I’ve looked for it and found lots of rhetoric, but not studies reporting that direct evidence gathered in schools.” This has been my entire career in education.... but I started my preparation only 40 years ago, so it might be the result of recency bias.
When we stumble upon a paradox, everything that leads to it makes sense, everything has been done right, everyone has answered questions truthfully, so we are accurate and true, but a contradiction remains. Let's not avoid them when teaching.
Scientists ask: 1) if the question was reasonable; 2) if the methods provide the data necessary to answer the question; 3) if the correct data was collected appropriately; 4) if data were properly analyzed; & the conclusions are logical & supported by the data. Leader rarely do.
Before scientists accept an observation, other independent scientists must document the same observation. This requires science be done in a public and open manner and scientists must report what they did so that others can criticize and verify.
Scientists begin with the null hypothesis (that there is no difference between two groups), and then will either accept the null hypothesis (if there appears to be no effect) or reject the null hypothesis (if there appears to be an effect).