(Greek: Δημόκριτος, Dēmókritos, meaning chosen of the people) claimed that everything starts from atoms, in a bottom-up .

(Greek: δημοκρατία, dēmokratiā, from dēmos ‘people’ and kratos ‘rule’) can be described as top-down mechanisms based on the free association and decision of autonomous individuals.

All is bottom-up or from the inside-out. There is no such thing as top-down causation imposed from the outside. There is only an emergent (internal) level of constraints and other control mechanisms generated by the interaction of individuals fulfilling a common need or objective.

does not imply causation, but implies a specific pattern of correlations, and that must count for something.”

“Testing a is actually not so much about trying to confirm it, but about trying to falsify it.”

the100.ci/2022/11/18/causal-in

Qoto Mastodon

QOTO: Question Others to Teach Ourselves
An inclusive, Academic Freedom, instance
All cultures welcome.
Hate speech and harassment strictly forbidden.