(Greek: Δημόκριτος, Dēmókritos, meaning *chosen of the people*) claimed that everything starts from *atoms*, in a *bottom-up* .

(Greek: δημοκρατία, dēmokratiā, from dēmos 'people' and kratos 'rule') can be described as *top-down* mechanisms based on the free association and decision of autonomous individuals.

All is *bottom-up* or from the *inside-out*. There is no such thing as *top-down causation* imposed from the outside. There is only an emergent (internal) level of constraints and other control mechanisms generated by the interaction of individuals fulfilling a common need or objective.

" does not imply causation, but implies a specific pattern of correlations, and that must count for something."

"Testing a is actually not so much about trying to confirm it, but about trying to falsify it."

the100.ci/2022/11/18/causal-in

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