>"Every moment students are being tested is another moment they are not learning… unless, of course, it’s well-designed retrieval practice… which it never is."
I remember learning quite a bit while taking tests in school. Very often, especially with multiple choice tests, if I wasn't exactly sure of the answer I could often discern the answer based on the choices provided. Also, being in a state of higher awareness during a test, i.e. stressed out, my learning was much more effective. (People remember more when they're experiencing stress and fear.) It’s probably not a good idea to keep students stressed and fearful all the time, but it certainly was effective for me at learning things.