arXiv Physics @arxiv_physics@qoto.org

This paper reviews the literature on response strategies for restoring infrastructure networks in the aftermath of a disaster. Our motivation for this review is twofold. First, the frequency and magnitude of natural and man-made disasters (e.g., wild fires, tornadoes, global pandemics, terrorist attacks) have been increasing. These events disrupt the operation of infrastructure networks, preventing the delivery of vital goods and services such as power and food. Therefore, it is critical to understand the state-of-the-art in responding to network disruptions in order to develop efficient strategies to mitigate their impacts. Second, it is critical to enable timely decisions in a rapidly changing and unpredictable environment while accounting for numerous interrelated factors. Because the vast majority of response decision problems are computationally challenging, quickly finding solutions that are compatible with real-time decision making is a difficult task. Hence, it is important to understand the nature of response activities and decisions, as well as the available solution methodologies and inherent trade-offs between computation time and solution quality. We review quantitative response methodologies developed for infrastructure network restoration, classifying relevant studies based on the properties of the underlying network. In particular, we focus on resource allocation, scheduling, routing and repair efforts within the domain of power, road, and water, oil and gas network restoration. We also discuss open research questions and future research directions.

We propose a heuristic model of the universe as a growing quasicrystal projected from a higher-dimensional lattice. By extending the Schrödinger equation for a particle in a box with time-dependent boundaries, we derive an equation that resembles the Friedmann equation, addressing the Hubble tension. This model incorporates phonons and phasons, providing insights into cosmic-scale dynamics and the universe's expansion. We outline a pre-inflation tiling space phase with quantum error correction, a radiation phase dominated by quasiparticles, and a post-radiation phase with the emergence of matter. Our hypothesis, which posits that the universe is a growing quasicrystal, suggests that the necessity for an inflationary period may be obviated. Furthermore, phonon arising from this quasicrystalline structure could act as dark matter, influencing the dynamics of ordinary matter while remaining mostly undetectable by electromagnetic interactions. This hypothesis draws parallels with other crystalline matter at atomic scales that are fundamentally quantum in nature. We also explore how the notion of tiling space can support continuous symmetry atop a discrete structure, providing a novel framework for understanding the universe's expansion and underlying structure. Consequently, it is logical to start with quantum mechanics as the foundation of our model. Further development could enhance our understanding of cosmic expansion and the underlying structure of the universe.

The use of seismic waves to explore the subsurface underlying the ground is a widely used method in the oil industry, since different kinds of the rocks and mediums have different reflection rate of the seismic waves, so the amplitude of the reflected waves can unraveling the geological structure and lithologic character of a certain area under the ground, but the management and processing of seismic wave data often affects the efficiency of oil exploration and development. Different kinds of the seismic data bulk are always mixed and hard to be classified manually. This paper presents a classification model for four main types of seismic data, and proposed a classification method based on Mel-spectrum. An accuracy of 98.32% was achieved using pre-trained ResNet34 with transfer learning method. The accuracy is further improved compared with the pure fourier transformation method widely used in previous studies. Meanwhile, the transfer learning method and fine-tune strategy to train the neural network by training the first N-1 layers of the network separately and then train the fully connected layers further improves the training efficiency. Our model can also be seen as an efficient data quality control scheme for oil exploration and development. Meanwhile, our method is future-proofed, for further improvement of the seismic data processing quality control system, according to the spectrum characteristics, this model can be further extended into a error data classification model, reduces the workload of the bulk data management.

Formation of the giant Chicxulub crater off Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula coincided with deposition of the global Ir-rich Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) stratigraphic boundary layer at ca. 65 Ma. The boundary is marked most sharply by abundant spherules containing unaltered grains of magnesioferrite spinel. Here we predict for the first time the sequential condensation of solids and liquids from the plume of vaporized rock expected from oblique K-T impacts. We predict highly oxidizing plumes that condense silicate liquid droplets bearing spinel grains whose compositions closely match those marking the actual boundary. Systematic global variations in spinel composition are consistent with higher condensation temperatures for spinels found at Atlantic and European sites than for those in the Pacific.

Based on a recently proposed quantum field theory (QFT) for particles with or without structure, called "Structural Algebraic QFT (SAQFT)", we introduce a finite QFT. That is, a QFT for structureless elementary particles that does not require renormalization where loop integrals in the Feynman diagrams are finite. It is an algebraic theory utilizing orthogonal polynomials and based on the structureless sector of SAQFT.

In conventional path integral quantum mechanics, the integral variables are the canonical variables of Hamiltonian mechanics. We show that these integral variables can be transformed into the spacetime metric, leading to a new representation of quantum mechanics. We show that the wave-particle duality can be interpreted as the uncertainty of spacetime for the particle. Summarizing all possible trajectories in conventional path integral quantum mechanics can be transformed into the summation of all possible spacetime metrics. We emphasize that in conventional quantum gravity, it is possible that the classical matter fields correspond to the quantum spacetime. We argue that this is not quite reasonable and propose a new path integral quantum gravity model based on the new interpretation of wave-particle duality. In this model, the aforementioned drawback of conventional quantum gravity naturally disappears.

In this note, we revisit a variational principle introduced by Padmanabhan for describing gravitation using a field action composed of a boundary term. We demonstrate that this procedure can also be applied to derive Maxwell's and Yang-Mills equations. Additionally, we find that in this boundary approach, \(\mathcal{CP}\)-violating dual couplings and spontaneous symmetry breaking through gauge boson masses emerge in a manner analogous to the appearance of the cosmological constant in the original gravitational context.

Introduction: molecular geometry, the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms within a molecule, is fundamental to understanding chemical reactivity, physical properties, and biological activity. The prevailing models used to describe molecular geometry include the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory, hybridization theory, and molecular orbital theory. While these models provide significant insights, they also have inherent limitations. Applying string theory and graph theory with topological and macrotensorial methods could improve the understanding of molecular behavior. Objective: explore the potential applications of string and graph theory to material science, focusing on molecular geometry, electron domains, and phase changes via symmetries. Molecular geometry: each molecule is associated with a simple graph with an orthonormal representation inducing metrics via the usage of macrotensor operators, allowing the calculation of angles between molecules and following the equations of motion. Phase changes: a series of inequalities are proposed depending on the energy-momentum densities of bonds and the edges of the associated graph where electrons or atoms are located, its topology, and isometries, exploring possible new states of matter. Conclusions: application of macrotensors, graphs, and string theory to material science, specifically to molecular geometry and phase changes, allows for a more dynamic and flexible description of natural phenomena involving matter and the prediction of possible new states of matter. This presents a different perspective, opening possibilities for experimental confirmation and applications of the approach presented here.

Einstein's gravity in AdS space coupled to nonlinear electrodynamics (NED) with two parameters is studied. We investigate magnetically charged black holes. The metric and mass functions and their asymptotic are obtained showing that black holes may have one or two horizons. Thermodynamics in extended phase space was studied and it was proven that the first law of black hole thermodynamics and the generalized Smarr relation hold. The magnetic potential and the vacuum polarization conjugated to coupling (NED parameter), are computed and depicted. We calculate the Gibbs free energy and heat capacity.

In the ever-evolving landscape of technology, product innovation thrives on replacing outdated technologies with groundbreaking ones or through the ingenious recombination of existing technologies. Our study embarks on a revolutionary journey by genetically representing products, extracting their chromosomal data, and constructing a comprehensive phylogenetic network of automobiles. We delve deep into the technological features that shape innovation, pinpointing the ancestral roots of products and mapping out intricate product-family triangles. By leveraging the similarities within these triangles, we introduce a pioneering "Product Disruption Index"-inspired by the CD index (Funk and Owen-Smith, 2017)-to quantify a product's disruptiveness. Our approach is rigorously validated against the scientifically recognized trend of decreasing disruptiveness over time (Park et al., 2023) and through compelling case studies. Our statistical analysis reveals a fascinating insight: disruptive product innovations often stem from minor, yet crucial, modifications.

The study is focused on the dispersion properties of a wire medium formed by a rectangular lattice of parallel wires at the frequencies close to its plasma frequency. While the effective medium theory predicts isotropic behaviour of transverse magnetic (TM) waves in the structure, numerical simulations reveal noticeable anisotropic properties. This anisotropy is dependent on the lattice rectangularity and reaches over 6% and over 75% along and across the wires respectively for thick wires with the radii about 20 times smaller than the smallest period. This conclusion is confirmed by line-of-current approximation theory. The revealed anisotropy effect is observed when the wavelength at the plasma frequency is comparable to the period of the structure. The effect vanishes in the case of extremely thin wires. A dispersion relation for TM waves in the vicinity of the $Γ$-point was obtained in a closed form. This provides an analytical description of the anisotropy effect.

This study investigates the influence of Japanese honorifics on the responses of large language models (LLMs) when explaining the law of conservation of momentum. We analyzed the outputs of six state-of-the-art AI models, including variations of ChatGPT, Coral, and Gemini, using 14 different honorific forms. Our findings reveal that honorifics significantly affect the quality, consistency, and formality of AI-generated responses, demonstrating LLMs' ability to interpret and adapt to social context cues embedded in language. Notable variations were observed across different models, with some emphasizing historical context and derivations, while others focused on intuitive explanations. The study highlights the potential for using honorifics to adjust the depth and complexity of AI-generated explanations in educational contexts. Furthermore, the responsiveness of AI models to cultural linguistic elements underscores the importance of considering cultural factors in AI development for educational applications. These results open new avenues for research in AI-assisted education and cultural adaptation in AI systems, with significant implications for personalizing learning experiences and developing culturally sensitive AI tools for global education.

In previous work I have shown that Herglotz actions reproduce the dynamics of classical mechanical theories which exhibit dynamical similarities. Recent work has shown how to extend field theories in both the Lagrangian and de Donder-Weyl formalism to contact geometry. In this article I show how dynamical similarity applies in field theory. This is applied in both the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian frameworks, producing the contact equivalents. The result can be applied to general relativity where I demonstrate how to construct a complete description of the dynamics, equivalent to those derived from the Einstein-Hilbert action, without reference to the conformal factor.

A ring may be regarded as a torus with r << R, where R is the major radius and r is the minor radius. When such a ring is placed on a rough rod and released with some angular velocity, it may continue to vertically spin around the rod for some time instead of falling down immediately. It was observed that two different kinds of motion for the rod exist, which are referred to as single point and double point contact motion, based on the number of contact points of the ring that are in contact with the rod. Single point contact motion was observed for rings and double point contact motion was observed in the case of a washer. We investigated the characteristics of the single point contact motion. An explanation is provided for the single point contact motion of the ring and an analysis of the forces on the ring is made. We observe a hyperbolic decay in the angular velocity of the ring. An explicit solution is determined for the single point contact motion of the ring and the obtained solutions match the observed motion of the ring.

Continuum equations are ubiquitous in physical modelling of elastic, viscous, and viscoelastic systems. The equations of continuum mechanics take nontrivial forms on curved surfaces. Although the curved surface formulation of the continuum equations are derived in many excellent references available in the literature, they are not readily usable for solving physical problems due to the covariant, contravariant or mixed nature of the stress and strain tensors in the equations. We present the continuum equations in terms of physical components in a general differentiable manifold. This general formulation of the continuum equations can be used readily for modelling physical problems on arbitrary curved surfaces. We demonstrate this with the help of some examples.

Three-dimensional numerical models for underwater sound propagation are popular in computational ocean acoustics. For horizontally slowly varying waveguide environments, an adiabatic mode-parabolic equation hybrid theory can be used for simulation. This theory employs adiabatic modes in the vertical direction, simplifying the solution of the sound pressure to the solution of horizontal refractive index of vertical modes. The refractive equations in the horizontal direction are further solved by a ``split-step" wide-angle parabolic equation model, following the approach of the ``vertical modes and horizontal parabolic equation". Existing three-dimensional sound propagation models mostly use finite difference methods for discretization, but in recent years, the academic community has proposed new types of sound propagation models based on spectral methods. Spectral methods are numerical discretization methods based on orthogonal polynomial approximation and weighted residual principles. They offer advantages such as high computational accuracy and fast convergence. In this study, a three-dimensional adiabatic mode-parabolic equation hybrid model discretized using spectral methods is proposed. In the vertical direction, the modal functions are solved using the Chebyshev spectral method. The medium layering is handled using a domain decomposition strategy, and the leaky modes under semi-infinite boundary conditions are addressed using an eigenvalue transformation technique. In the horizontal direction, the perfectly matched layer technique is utilized to handle unbounded computational domains, and the perfectly matched layer and computational domain are segmented into multiple layers. Numerical simulations show that the Chebyshev spectral method achieves reliable results in the application of the adiabatic mode-parabolic equation hybrid model.

The Canadian Penning Trap mass spectrometer (CPT) has conducted precision mass measurements of neutron-rich nuclides from the CAlifornia Rare Isotope Breeder Upgrade (CARIBU) of the Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System (ATLAS) facility at Argonne National Laboratory for over a decade, first using Time-Of-Flight Ion-Cyclotron-Resonance (TOF-ICR) and later using Phase-Imaging Ion-Cyclotron-Resonance (PI-ICR) techniques. Here we give an overview of the CPT system as it was operated for PI-ICR measurements at CARIBU for over half a decade, along with some recently studied systematic effects.

This paper addresses the challenges in computing the column moist static energy (MSE) budget in climate models. Residuals from such computations often match other major budget terms in magnitude, obscuring their contributions. This study introduces a methodology for accurately computing the column MSE budget in climate models, demonstrated using the GISS ModelE3. Multiple factors leading to significant residuals are identified, with the failure of the continuous calculus's chain rule upon discretization being the most critical. This failure causes the potential temperature equation to diverge from the enthalpy equation in discretized models. Consequently, in models using potential temperature as a prognostic variable, the MSE budget equation is fundamentally not upheld, requiring a tailored strategy to close the budget. This study introduces the ``process increment method'' for accurately computing the column MSE flux divergence. This method calculates the difference in the sum of column internal energy, geopotential, and latent heats before and after applying the dynamics scheme. Furthermore, the calculated column flux divergence is decomposed into its advective components. These computations enable precise MSE budget analysis. The most crucial finding is that vertical interpolation into pressure coordinates can introduce errors substantial enough to reverse the sign of vertical MSE advection in the warm pool regions. In ModelE3, accurately computed values show MSE import via vertical circulations, while values in pressure coordinates indicate export. This discrepancy may prompt a reevaluation of vertical advection as an exporting mechanism and underscores the importance of precise MSE budget calculations.

Developing a quantitative understanding of wave plasma processes in the lower ionosphere requires a reasonably accurate theoretical description of the underlying physical processes. For such highly collisional plasma environment as the E-region ionosphere, kinetic theory represents the most accurate theoretical description of wave processes. For the analytical treatment, however, the collisional kinetic theory is extremely complicated and succeeds only in a limited number of physical problems. To date, most research applied oversimplified fluid models that lack a number of critical kinetic aspects, so that the coefficients in the corresponding fluid equations are often accurate only to an order of magnitude. This paper presents the derivation for the highly collisional, partially magnetized case relevant to E-region conditions. It provides a more accurate reduction of the ion and, especially, electron kinetic equations to the corresponding 5-moment fluid equations by using a new set of analytic approximations. This derivation results in more accurate fluid-model set of equations appropriate for most E-region problems. The results of this paper could be used for a routine practical analysis when working with actual data. The improved equations can also serve as a basis for more accurate plasma fluid computer simulations.

I expound and defend the ``bare probabilism'' reading of Gibbsian (i.e. mainstream) statistical mechanics, responding to Frigg and Werndl's recent (BJPS 72 (2021), 105-129) plea: ``can somebody please say what Gibbsian statistical mechanics says?''