"So when philosophy examines politics it cannot, to begin with, be along the line of pure , and certainly not a freedom of opinions. It deals with the question, what could be the political ? Or, what is politics when it obeys the following two principles; first, compatibility with the philosophical principle of the of minds; second, compatibility with the philosophical principle of the subordination of the validity of opinions to of . So equality and universality are the characteristics of valid politics in the field of philosophy."

- Alain - , and

All of modern springs from of . Let us transform this historical proposition into a substantive one: Every genuine beginning of philosophy springs from meditation, from the experience of solitary self-reflection. When it is rooted in its origins, an philosophy (and we live in the age when humanity has awakened to its autonomy) becomes the and -responsibility of the one who is philosophizing. Only in solitude and meditation does one become a philosopher; only in this way is philosophy born in us, emerging of necessity from within us. What others and the accept as knowledge and scientific foundations is what I, as an autonomous ego, must pursue to its ultimate grounding, and I must do so exclusively in terms of my own sense of its . This ultimate grounding must be immediately and apodictically evident. Only in this way can I be absolutely ; only thus can I matters absolutely. Therefore I must let no previous judgment, no matter how indisputable it may seem to be, go unquestioned and ungrounded.

— Edmund , PHENOMENOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY, June, 1931

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